Orthopaedics Flashcards

Question

how is nuclear scintigraphy used for equine lameness investigations?

Answer 1

substance injected IV taken up to bone with higher uptake in areas of high turnover emits gamma radiation to show areas of injury

Answer 2

bacterial contamination of synovial structure

Answer 3

septic arthritis | chronic lameness

Answer 4

synoviocentesis analysis of synovial fluid contrast radiography

Answer 5

prep site non-sterile assistant prepare equipment monitor for lameness for 2 days after

Answer 6

needles syringes sterile gloves collection tubes

Answer 7

cytology protein concentration lactate culture

Answer 8

inflammation of lamella in hoof

Answer 9

dermal and epidermal separation | rotation or sinking of P3

Answer 10

developmental between trigger and clinical signs acute onset of clinical signs for 72 hours subacute from 72 hours chronic structural failure

Answer 11

``` pottery gait bounding digital pulses leaning on heels recumbency struggling to turn reluctance to pick up feet as usually bilateral ```

Answer 12

``` PPID EMS excess carbohydrates endotoxemia corticosteroids not fully understood excess weight bearing on one limb due to disease in other limb ```

Answer 13

hyperinsulinemia | insulin toxicity

Answer 14

``` history of laminitis obesity endocrinopathies season native ponies excess carbs ```

Answer 15

``` intervene before clinical signs if at risk cold therapy to reduce perfusion NSAIDs frog supports deep shavings bed long term management ```

Answer 16

``` strict box rest deep shavings bed frog supports NSAIDs treat underlying cause reduce carbs if endocrine related ```

Answer 17

gradually withdraw treatment when improving | strict box rest

Answer 18

shortening toe over time | remedial shoeing

Answer 19

measure rotation and sinking

Answer 20

``` control risk factors treat endocrinopathies exercise when possible to increase insulin sensitivity keep ideal BCS reduced carbs restricted grazing ```

Answer 21

``` stabling in confined space no exercise or turnout monitor faecal output check for colic monitor behaviour gradually turnout and introduce exercise ```

Answer 22

management changes can cause colic reduced exercise can cause reduced gut motility ulcers caused from reduced eating times

Answer 23

stereotypies stable mates if possible increased energy

Answer 24

emergency care given immediately to injured individual

Answer 25

minimise injury and future disability keep victim alive prevent suffering and deterioration

Answer 26

most from RTA | likely have thoracic or abdominal injury

Answer 27

identify and treat life threatening injury

Answer 28

``` airway patency breathing rate, effort circulation, MM, CRT, HR, temperature external haemorrhage CNS shock ```

Answer 29

compensated early decompensated late decompensated

Answer 30

``` tachycardia tachypnoea CRT less than 1 second normal mentation normal BP ```

Answer 31

``` tachycardia tachypnoea pale MM slow CRT weak pulse poor mentation hypotension peripheral vasoconstriction ```

Answer 32

bradycardia absent CRT cheyne stokes breathing death

Answer 33

after successful resus and stabilisation

Answer 34

``` airways CRT pulse BP lungs abdomen spine head pelvis limbs nerves ```

Answer 35

``` recumbency lameness limb wounds, pain, abnormalities abnormal mobility crepitation ```

Answer 36

``` fractures luxation wounds penetrating joints tendons and ligament injury muscle lacerations ```

Answer 37

complete disruption of normal relationship between articular joint surfaces

Answer 38

partial disruption of relationship between articular surfaces

Answer 39

disruption in cortical continuity of bone

Answer 40

as lacerations so apply sterile hydrogel to exposed bone sterile support dressings to restore normal anatomy cage confinement antibiotics analgesia

Answer 41

sterile contact layer applied generous padding absorbent layer pressure for 30-60 minutes if artery bleed

Answer 42

aid comfort | reduce further tissue injury

Answer 43

support dress limbs

Answer 44

soft padding splinting conforming layer protective layer

Answer 45

prevent self trauma and contamination support fracture control swelling immobilise

Answer 46

distal limbs | support proximal and distal joints around injury

Answer 47

cage rest before surgical repair

Answer 48

return patient to normal function | allow bone healing

Answer 49

reduced anaesthesia no need for surgery cheaper

Answer 50

``` cost more if doesnt heal and needs surgery immobility causing fracture disease incorrect healing cast sores ischemia ```

Answer 51

surrounding soft tissue provides sufficient stability to keep bones aligned minimise movement provide analgesia

Answer 52

some pelvic, scapula and vertebral | minimally displaced fractures

Answer 53

``` good cage size manage boredom assist ambulation non-slip rugs normal requirements regular check ups ```

Answer 54

compression transmitted to bones by soft tissues

Answer 55

circulatory stasis

Answer 56

distal to elbow or stifle stable fractures 50% overlap of fragments on radiographs other bones around to support fractured bone

Answer 57

casts | splints

Answer 58

double layer stockinette placed with top and bottom overlapping sofban in 1 or 2 layers cast material applied under some tension in 3 up 3 down layers cut cast medial and lateral tape together cast fold over sofban and stockinette and tape down cover whole bandage in cohesive bandage check toe nails and central pads visible but not protruding

Answer 59

``` ischemia necrosis cast sores incorrect healing fracture disease ```

Answer 60

``` joint stiffness muscle atrophy osteoporosis muscle contracture fibrosis ```

Answer 61

rapid return to weight bearing limit un needed immobilisation of joints consider other treatment options

Answer 62

cast care | informed of complications

Answer 63

``` pre-op analgesia and care surgical prep surgical assistance post op care discharge ```

Answer 64

manage instruments | position and prepare patient

Answer 65

process of replacing fracture segments in original anatomical position

Answer 66

traction counter traction manipulation bending

Answer 67

open recent stable

Answer 68

repairing transverse fractures by bending 180 degrees, engaging ends and straightening limb

Answer 69

``` pins wire screws external fixation plates ```

Answer 70

in combination with plates, ESF, wire

Answer 71

if too short hard to retrieve seroma if too long loosening migration

Answer 72

as medullary pin locked in place with screws

Answer 73

prevent rotation and axial collapse

Answer 74

restore bone structure to restore weight bearing function and allow healing

Answer 75

compress bone fragments share load between bone and plates for support bridging fractures

Answer 76

cancellous bone fractures | combined with plates and interlocking nails

Answer 77

locking self tapping non self tapping

Answer 78

secure plate to bone | compress bone fragments

Answer 79

``` open reduction internal fixation compression reduction maintaining joint mobility ```

Answer 80

negative has thread cut out but positive has thread around pin

Answer 81

``` pins interface pins which are rougher to help bind to putty connecting bars putty clamps IM pins ```

Answer 82

light no limit to size or closeness no pins protruding

Answer 83

may be harder to remove

Answer 84

reusable | easier to remove and adjust

Answer 85

need correct alignment | limit to pin and bar size

Answer 86

pin and tension band to hold together

Answer 87

olecranon greater trochanter acromion tibial tuberosity

Answer 88

``` manage instruments assist retraction manage samples manage bone grafts count swabs ```

Answer 89

``` post op x rays cage rest general care suture removal buster collar physio ```

Answer 90

premature closure of growth plates poor fracture healing lameness pepper kinks

Answer 91

developmental disease so laxity develops in joint capsule resulting in hip subluxation

Answer 92

genetics diet size of animal exercies

Answer 93

large breeds laxity at 6-7 months old osteoarthritis in adults

Answer 94

``` short stride stiffness clunking hips lateral swap hopping adducted limb pain on extension muscle atrophy crepitus ```

Answer 95

``` ventrodorsally extended x-rays hip subluxation acetabular remodelling osteophytes ortolani test to test laxity ```

Answer 96

``` OA management NSAIDs rest diet hydrotherapy ```

Answer 97

growth plate fusion pelvic osteotomy total hip replacement femoral head and neck excision

Answer 98

trauma ischemia small breed dispositions genetics

Answer 99

unilateral hindlimb lameness pain on hip extension and flexion muscle wastage

Answer 100

imaging showing lucency, collapse, mushrooming

Answer 101

cage rest femoral head and neck excision total hip replacement

Answer 102

guarded | usually need salvage surgery

Answer 103

lameness | hip pain

Answer 104

radiolucent line at capital physis separation between femoral head and neck reabsorption of femoral neck

Answer 105

femoral head and neck excision total hip replacement parallel pin

Answer 106

trauma | hip dysplasia

Answer 107

``` sudden onset lameness stifle out, hock in, leg adducted craniodorsal luxation imaging pain crepitus palpation thumb displacement test ```

Answer 108

analgesia closed reduction stabilisation open reduction

Answer 109

anaesthetise extend, adduct and externally rotate to lift femoral head over dorsal acetabular rim abduct and internally rotate to sit femoral head in acetabulum

Answer 110

toggle transarticular pin prosthetic or primary capsular repair ilio femoral suture

Answer 111

good OA will form may re dislocate

Answer 112

displacement of patella from groove, usually medial

Answer 113

developmental hereditary trauma

Answer 114

not flexing and extending stifle cowboy stance patella clicking on manipulation laxity of patella on extension

Answer 115

patella normally within groove | returns spontaneously when manually luxated

Answer 116

patella normally within groove | can be luxated and remain when released

Answer 117

patella normally out of groove | can manipulate back into groove

Answer 118

patella normally outside of groove | cant be reduced by manipulation

Answer 119

tibial tuberosity transportation to realign within groove deepen trochlear groove release of soft tissue

Answer 120

analgesia 6 weeks strict rest gradually increase exercise

Answer 121

worse with increased grade good in small dogs high risk of complications in large dogs

Answer 122

limit cranial drawer, hyperextension and internal rotation

Answer 123

trauma degeneration inflammatory arthopathy angled tibial plateau by growth abnormality

Answer 124

caudolateral band- tight in extension | craniomedial band- always tight

Answer 125

``` signalment gait analysis stifle pain crepitus instability effusion cranial drawer test tibial thrust test imaging ```

Answer 126

conservative TPLO to flatten tibial plateau fabello tibial sutures to replace ligament

Answer 127

NSAIDs for 14 days opioids for 2 days physio

Answer 128

``` doesnt cure slows process of arthritis some risk of complications likely to have OA in later life 50% have meniscal injury ```

Answer 129

arthrotomy at CCLD surgery debride torn portion leave unaffected meniscus

Orthopaedics Flashcards

(153 cards)