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BDS3 Human Systems > Dermatology: Skin Infections > Flashcards

Dermatology: Skin Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin from top to bottom

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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2
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A

Provides an anatomical barrier
Main method of Heat Regulation
Sensory input from the body
Storage for lipids and water
Drug absorption
waste excretion

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3
Q

What is commensal flora

A
  • normal colonisation that inhabits pathogens in healthy hosts
  • mainly bacteria and fungi (staphylocci and candida)
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4
Q

What is oily skin?

A
  • more secretion from sebaceous glands (sebum)
  • more bacterial colonisation
  • skin becomes heavier and thicker
  • more risk of pore blockage = more spots and pimples
  • less likely to wrinkle and age
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5
Q

What are comedones?

A
  • blackheads
  • feature of acne vulgaris
  • build up of keratin and sebum
  • block pores and oxidise giving ‘black’ appearance
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6
Q

give 4 examples of bacterial infections of the skin

A
  • furuncles and carbuncles
  • acne
  • erysipelas
  • impetigo
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7
Q

What is furuncles

A

infection of the skin- pockets with pus

  • caused by staphylococcus aureus
  • red, painful and swollen
  • drain pus- antibiotics not always necessary
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8
Q

what are carbuncles

A

furuncles grouped together

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9
Q

what is folliculitis

A

furuncle in a hair follicle

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10
Q

Acne is a term used for lesions arising from…

A
  • comedones
  • papules
  • pustules
  • nodules
  • inflammatory cysts
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11
Q

What age does acne usually affect ?

A

13-18

  • 80% of teenagers

25-40

  • 5% women and 1% men continue to be troubled
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12
Q

What are some causes of acne?

A
  • follicular sensitivity to testosterone (increase during puberty)
  • propionibacterium acnes overgrows and leads to infection and cysts
  • scars can form if cysts rupture
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13
Q

What can acne be made worse by?

A
  • some contraceptive pills (progestogen)
  • greasy skin cleansers
  • systemic steroid treatment
  • some anticonvulsant drugs

SQUEEZING the spots

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14
Q

How can acne be managed locally?

A
  • reduce excess skin oil (cleaners- gentle soap)
  • antibacterial agents

benzoyl peroxide
retinoids
antibiotic lotions

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15
Q

How can acne be treated if local treatments fail?

A
  • antibiotics (tetracycline based) minocyclin
  • retinoids - isotretinoin
  • hormone manipulation (anti-androgens) cyproterone
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16
Q

What causes erysipelas?

A

streptoccus pyogenes

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17
Q

Describe how erysipelas may present?

A

defined sharp raised border
may blister and peel
usually systemic symptoms (fever and rigors)

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18
Q

How is erysipelas managed?

A

systemic antibiotics

  • oral or sometimes IV
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19
Q

What can erysipelas sometimes progress to>

A

necrotising fasciitis

septic shock

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20
Q

What is impetigo? (causes, appearance, treatment ?)

A
  • highly infectious skin disease
  • staphylococcal or streptococcal
  • crusty red blister appearance (often associated with eczema)
  • treatment with topical antibiotics
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21
Q

What are some examples of viral skin infections?

A
  • herpes simplex
  • shingles
  • molluscum contagiosum
  • warts
  • measles
  • rubella
  • fifth disease
  • roseola
  • hand, foot and mouth
  • HIV
  • Kaposi’s Sarcoma
22
Q

What are the different types of herpes virus infections?

A
  • herpes simplex (perioral or genital)
  • shingles (herpes zoster)
  • roseola (HHV6)
  • kaposi’s sarcoma (HHV8)
23
Q

What do herpes simplex infections affect?

A

single dermatome or adjacent dermatomes

24
Q

How can herpes simplex infections be activated?

A

Trauma

  • physical
  • chemical
  • UV light
  • ’ run down’
25
Q

How can herpes simplex infections be treated?

A

Aciclovir

26
Q

What is shingles (herpes zoster)

A
  • caused by herpes zoster (can be recurrent)
  • affects single dermatome
  • causes significant pain (neural inflammation from virus in the nerve)
  • pain may persist after rash has gone (post herpetic neuralgia)
27
Q

How is shingles treated>

A

HIGH dose aciclovir

28
Q

What causes Molluscum COntagiosum?

A

caused by MCV - a pox virus

29
Q

When does Molluscum Contagiosum usually resolve?

A

spontaneously in 1-2 years

30
Q

Who is usually affected by Molluscum Contagiosum?

A

usually infants and small children

more troublesome in children with atopic eczema

extensive in adults if HIV infection

31
Q

How does Molluscum Contagiosum present?

A

clusters of small papules

-warm, moist areas
- 1-6mm size

32
Q

What are warts?

A

Caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) - types 1-3

  • spread by contact
  • if immune competent then most resolve spontaneously
33
Q

How do you treat warts?

A
  • keratolysis
  • cryosurgery
  • excision
34
Q

Name 5 types of fungal skin infections

A
  • athletes foot
  • nail infections
  • ringworm
  • intertrigo
  • pityriasis versicolor
35
Q

What is athletes foot?

A
  • between toes (sometimes groin involvement)
  • mixed fungal and bacterial infection
  • scaling/ sogginess of skin
36
Q

How do you prevent athletes foot

A

keeping skin clean dry and damage free

37
Q

How do you treat athletes foot?

A

antifungal/antibacterial cream

  • miconazole
38
Q

What is onycholysis?

A

nail bed fungal infection

usually tinea unguium infection

nail becomes malformed, thick and crumbly

may be seen with athletes foot

39
Q

What areas of the body can ringworm affect ?

A
  • groin - tinea cruris (often spread from feet)
  • body - tinea corporis (can be caught from infected animals)
  • scalp- tinea capitis (inflammation of scalp leading to hair loss, mainly in young children)
40
Q

What causes intertrigo?

A

fungal infection due to chafing in moist body folds

41
Q

where is intertrigo most common?

A
  • under breasts
  • armpits
  • inner thighs
42
Q

How do you treat intertrigo>

A

treat with topical antifungal cream

  • clotrimazole
  • miconazole
43
Q

What is pityriasis versicolor?

A
  • caused by pityrosporum orbiculare (usually harmless commensal, involved in cradle cap)
  • presents with patchy skin pigmentation (pale red or brown)
44
Q

how do you treat pityriasis versicolor?

A
  • with topical or systemic antifungal

topical ketoconazole (in wash or shampoo)

  • systemic itraconazole
45
Q

Name 2 skin infestations?

A
  • scabies
  • lice
46
Q

What are scabies?

A
  • infection by the scabies mite
  • contracted by skin-to-skin contact
  • mites borrow into skin between fingers and on wrists
    -presents with red “burrows” on skin, itch and rash that can appear on trunk and legs
    -can develop into secondary impetigo
47
Q

How do you treat scabies>

A
  • use chemical insecticides - scabicides

benzyl benzoate
permethrin
malathion

  • apply to whole body from the chin down including under the nails
48
Q

Name three types of lice

A

head
pubic
body

49
Q

How is lice transmitted

A

close contact with an infected individual

shared items (clothing combs, bedding, brushed and toilet seats)

50
Q

How is lice treated?

A

looks for ‘nits’ - eggs cemented to the hair near the scalp
- need to go through hair with a find toothed comb

NOT hygiene related

-body lice treated by personal and clothing hygiene (hot water washing and drying)

  • chemical insecticides (permethrin, malathion, phenothrin)
51
Q
A

BDS3 Human Systems (6 decks)

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