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Biology 101 > Descent with Modification > Flashcards

Descent with Modification Flashcards

1
Q

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by two naturalists:

A

Charles Darwin

Alfred Russel Wallace

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2
Q

_____ (427–347 BC) and his student ____(384–322 BC) believed that species (“forms”) did not change

A

Plato, Aristotle

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3
Q

The idea of “fixed” species was the majority view until the 1800s; To him, resemblances be-tween species did not indicate kinship; who believed in this view?

A

Carolus Linnaeus, taxonomy

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4
Q

In 1650, ______ _____ Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) (1581-1656) set the date of the creation of the Earth.

Based on a literal reading of the Bible, he calculated that the Earth was created in 4004 B.C

A

James Ussher,

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5
Q

In 1766, French naturalist ____ ____ _____1707–1788) suggested that the earth was much older than 6000 years bc of fossils

A

Georges Louis LeClerc, comte de Buffon (

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6
Q

_____ are the preserved imprints or remnants of extinct organisms

A

Fossils

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7
Q

the study of fossils, was largely developed by the French anatomist ____ _____(1769–1832)

A

Georges Cuvier

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8
Q

the study of fossils?

A

Paleontology,

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9
Q

From his study of fossils in sedimentary rock, _____ concluded that the plants and animals living on Earth had changed over time.

A

Cuvier

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10
Q

he proposed that extinctions were caused by a series of floods or droughts, i.e., catastrophes

A

Cuvier

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11
Q

He suggested that living species had arisen by diverging from extinct species

A

Buffon

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12
Q

organisms acquire traits that better adapt them to their environment and then pass these traits to their off-spring; who said it and what is this concept called?

A
  • French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829)

- of inheritance of acquired characteristics

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13
Q

Parts of the body would become stronger through frequent use and weaker if not used

A

This is an example of the principle of use and disuse

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14
Q

who said Giraffes have long neck and stretch them, next generation would have long necks; but it was wrong

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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15
Q

served as the naturalist on the surveying ship the H.M.S Beagle during its around-the-world voyage between 1831 and 1836

A

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

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16
Q

_____ studied plants and animals in South America, Africa, Australia, and islands in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans

A

Darwin

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17
Q

_______ proposed that the geological features of the earth were the result of constant, uniform processes acting over long periods of time

A

Lyell

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18
Q

what is the name of this theory; geological features of the earth were the result of constant, uniform processes acting over long periods of time

A

uniformitarianism

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19
Q

theory which held that the earth was shaped by sudden, violent events (e.g., vast floods)

A

catastrophism

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20
Q

Darwin studied the animals on the ______ _____, which lie about 900 km (550 mi.) west of the coast of South America

A

Galápagos Islands

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21
Q

Among the animals he observed on the Galápagos Islands were

____, ____, _____

A

tortoises, iguanas, and finches:

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22
Q

A Galápagos tortoise named Harriet died in an Australian zoo in 2006 at an estimated age of;

A

175

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23
Q

Populations can increase ___________, but resources may increase only _______

A

exponentially, arithmetically

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24
Q

The maximum population that can be supported in a given environment is called the;

A

carrying capacity

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25
Q

predicted the human population would exceed the Earth’s carrying capacity

A

Malthus

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26
Q

______ spent four years collecting insects and other animal specimens in the Brazilian rainforest to sell to collectors back in England

A

Wallace

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27
Q

It was called On the Origin of Species by Means of Nat-ural Selection

A

1859

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28
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 1

A

Natural populations have the potential to increase rapidly (exponentially)

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29
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 2

A

The resources to support these populations (food and habitat) are limited (carrying capacity)

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30
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 3

A

Members of the population thus compete for these limiting resources

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31
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution:4

A

Members of the population differ in inherited characteristics

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32
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 5

A

Some are better adapted to the local environmental conditions

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33
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution: 6

A

The best-adapted have higher survival and reproduction, and thus contribute more offspring to the next generation

34
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution; 7

A

Over time, the inherited characteristics that give higher survival and reproduc-tion will become more common in the population

35
Q

The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution; 8

A

Evolution thus occurs in populations, as they adapt to the environment due to differential survival and reproduction

36
Q

The theory is called evolution by natural selection because it is __ ______ _________ that selects which members of the population will survive and reproduce

A

the natural environment

37
Q

It is selection that affects mating success

A

sexual selection

38
Q

members of one sex compete for mates

A

intrasexual selection

39
Q

one sex chooses mates from amoung the opposite sex

A

intersexual selection

40
Q

Individuals do not evolve; it is the ____ that evolves

A

popu-lation

41
Q

Natural selection can only act on ____ traits (not acquired traits)

A

inher-ited

42
Q

Since environmental conditions vary from place to place, a trait that is adap-tive in one location may ___ be adaptive in another location

A

not

43
Q

Natural selection is not a creative process; it can only act on _____ _____

A

existing variation

44
Q

Natural selection does not anticipate the future; it favors traits that are adaptive in the current, local environment, not in a ____ ________

A

future environment

45
Q

what comes from teosinte plant from 1000 years ago?

A

maize (corn)

46
Q

All dog breeds are descended from the ___ ____

A

gray wolf (Canis lupus):

47
Q

A 2013 study concluded that dogs were first domesticated in Europe between __-__ years ago

A

18,000and 32,100

48
Q

The oldest known fossils are __ billion years old

A

3.7

49
Q
  • An increase in size
  • An enlargement of the central toe, resulting in a hoof
  • An increase in the size of the teeth and thickness of the enamel
A

horse

50
Q
  • began to swim by undulating the vertebral column up and down
  • The forelimbs became pectoral fins
  • The pelvis detached from the backbone and the hind limbs disappeared
A

whale

51
Q

_________ is the study of the geo-graphical distribution of species on Earth

A

Biogeography

52
Q

He found that most of the birds on the islands were ___; how many species?

A

finches; 13

53
Q

What Darwin observed in the finches on the Galápagos is an example of the ___ ____

A

founder effect

54
Q

This is the establishment of a new population by a few individuals; After arriving on the islands, the founder finches had several habitats to themselves; The descendants of the immigrants competed not with other bird species, but among themselves

A

founder effect

55
Q

The finch population adapted to variations in local conditions, including:

A
  • Food sources (fruit, insects, cactus, seeds)

- Habitat (trees vs. the ground)

56
Q

Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities

A

adaptive radiation,

57
Q

Other examples of adaptive radiation: Hawaiian islands

A

The honeycreepers on the Hawaiian Islands:

58
Q

Other examples of adaptive radiation: south america

A

heliconius butterfly

59
Q

Other examples of adaptive radiation: Africa

A

cichlid

60
Q

Other examples of adaptive radiation: Australia

A

marsupials; KOALA, KANGAROOO, WOMBAT

61
Q

The niche filled in North America by the groundhog, a placental mammal, is filled in Australia by the_____, a marsupial

A

wombat

62
Q

birds came from???

A

dinosaurs

63
Q

involves com-paring body structures between modern-day species

A

Comparative anatomy

64
Q

The forelimbs of mammals are examples of _____ ______, which are similar because of common ancestry

A

homologous structures

65
Q

mammial descend from a animal with how many digits?

A

5

66
Q

humans and giraffes have the same amount of what? something that all mammials have this number of

A

cervical vertebrae; 7

67
Q

What two animals have the exception to 7 cervical vertebrae?

A

sloths and manatees

68
Q

swans have how many c-spine?

A

22-25

69
Q

_ in 500 humans the 7th cervical vertebra forms a pair of ribs
The frequency of cancer in people with this condition is ___ times normal

A

1, 125

70
Q

have the same function but different underlying anatomy and embryonic origin

A

analogous structures

71
Q

Analogous structures ______ indicate common ancestry

A

do not

72
Q

Analogous structures are the product of what evolution

A

convergent evolution

73
Q

when organisms that are not closely related come to resemble each other due to exposure to similar selective forces

A

convergent evolution

74
Q

example of convergent evolution: ocean animals?

A

shark, dolphin. ichthyosaur

75
Q

example of convergent evolution: human

A

human embryo and chicken embryo

76
Q

anatomical structures that are reduced and have no apparent function.

A

vestigial structures,

77
Q

example of vestigial structures:

A

eyes in sightless salamanders and fish, wings in bird that cant fly

78
Q

involves comparing cells, organelles, proteins, and DNA from different species

A

Comparative biochemistry

79
Q
  • Cell structure is similar in all organisms
  • All organisms use the same basic genetic machinery involving DNA and RNA
  • The genetic code is the same in all organ-isms (with a few minor exceptions)
A

comparative biochemistry

80
Q

can amino acids in proteins be compared?

A

YES

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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