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Biology 101 > Endosymbiosis -Exam 3 > Flashcards

Endosymbiosis -Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

far more complex than prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

a nucleus housing highly structured chromosomes

A

Eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

abundant intracellular membranes, including the rough and smooth ER and the Golgi apparatus

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

mitochondria

in plants, chloroplasts

A

Eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

divide by mitosis

A

Eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

Created 3.45 billion years ago

A

Fossils of prokaryotes

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7
Q

arose between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago

A

Eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

define endosymbiotic theory

A

how eukaryotes could have evolved from pro-karyotes; a larger cell engulfed smaller cells that evolved into the mitochondrion and the chloroplast

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9
Q

“living together inside”; different cells live to-gether, one cell inside another; common among modern-day microbial eukaryotes)

A

Endosymbiosis

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10
Q

common endosymbionts in marine animals and protozoans

A

dinoflagellates, photosyn-thetic protists

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11
Q

endosymbiotic theory was proposed by

A

Lynn Margulis in 1967

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12
Q

5 similarities between mitochondria and bacteria

A 
are 1 to 4 mm in length
are surrounded by two membranes
use O2 to generate ATP
have their own DNA
grow and divide by binary fission
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13
Q

3 additional similarities between mitochondria and bacteria

A

Their genes are similar (and different from the genes in the nucleus

Their ribosomes are similar (and different from the ribosomes in the cytoplasm)

Their enzymes (including DNA and RNA polymerases) are similar (and different from the enzymes in the nucleus and cytoplasm

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14
Q

arose as the environment was changing from anaerobic (O2 absent) to aerobic (O2 present)

A

Eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

The increase in atmospheric O2 was due to

A

photosynthesis by cyanobacteria

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16
Q

toxic to anaerobic or-ganisms, so the “Great Oxygenation Event” about 2.3 billion years ago resulted in mass extinction

A

Molecular oxygen

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17
Q
  1. evolution of eukaryotic cells
A

The origin of a flexible cell surface; (The origin of a cytoskeleton)

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18
Q
  1. evolution of eukaryotic cells
A

The origin of a nuclear envelope

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19
Q
  1. evolution of eukaryotic cells
A

The origin of phagocytosis and the appearance of digestive vesicles or vacuoles

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20
Q
  1. evolution of eukaryotic cells
A

The endosymbiotic acquisition of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

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21
Q

The prokaryotic cell wall was lost, allow-ing the cell to grow larger
As cell size increases, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases

A

flexible cell surface

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22
Q
  • infolding can occur, creating internal membranes and making more surface area
  • allowed endo-cytosis to develop
A

flexible cell surface

23
Q

likely to have arisen from the plasma membrane

A

nuclear envelope

24
Q

______ of a prokaryote is attached to the plasma membrane

A

DNA

25
Q

created a double layer of phospholipids that surrounded the DNA, giving rise to the nucleus

A

Inward folding of the plasma membrane

proposed by de Duve in 1966)

26
Q

infolding of the plasma membrane was also the most plausible origin of other or-ganelles,

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the Golgi apparatus

27
Q

had a cytoskeleton and perhaps flagella

A

the first true eukaryotes

28
Q

allowed a conversion from extracellular digestion to intracellular digestion

A

Membrane internalization

29
Q

the process in which food particles are engulfed and digested

A

phagocytosis

30
Q

Digestive vesicles and vacuoles were created by the process of

A

phagocytosis

31
Q

phagocytized a proteobacterium

A

primitive eukaryotic

32
Q

Rather than digesting it………….

A

the eukaryotic cell maintained the proteobacterium inside its cytoplasm

33
Q

evolved into the mitochondrion

A

proteobacterium

34
Q

Mitochondria are believed to have originated from the

A

a-proteobacteria, specifically the species Rickettsia

35
Q

species are intracellular parasites in many plants and animals, including ticks, fleas and lice

A

Rickettsia

36
Q

Disease caused from Rickettsia

A

Typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever

37
Q

include a high fever, severe muscle pain and a rash, which usually starts on the wrists and ankles

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

38
Q

free within the cytoplasm of the host cell

A

Rickettsia cell

39
Q

fed on carbon compounds and released H+

A

proteobacterium

40
Q

_______ cell evolved the ability to feed it carbon compounds and use the H+ to make ATP

A

primitive eukaryotic

41
Q

initial function of the ____ may have been to detoxify the increasing amounts of O2 in the atmosphere by reducing it to water

A

mitochondrion

42
Q

By making a “food-for-hydrogen” swap, ______ gained an enormous advantage over other cells

A

the eukaryotic cell

43
Q

carry out cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

44
Q

yields far more energy from the breakdown of carbon compounds than an-aerobic pathways do

A

Respiration

45
Q

eukaryotic cells can be considerably larger with..

A

hundreds of mitochondria

46
Q

gave rise to multi-cellular fungi, animals and plants

A

Single-celled eukaryotes

47
Q

a primitive eukaryotic cell incorporated a photosynthetic prokaryote related to

A

modern-day cyanobacteria –> cyanobacteria then evolved into chloroplasts

48
Q

Cells with chloroplasts gave rise to modern

A

plants

49
Q

Cells containing chloroplasts were able to carry out ___

A

photosynthesis

50
Q

the ability to harness the energy of sunlight to make carbon compounds

A

advantage over non-photosynthetic cells; origin of eukaryotic auto-trophs

51
Q

as the bacteria were engulfed, they were surrounded by ____ causing double membrane around mitochondrion and the chloroplast

A

eukaryotic cell’s plasma membrane

52
Q

the large majority of the genes in the mitochondrion and chloroplast were transferred to

A

the nucleus

53
Q

Most of their proteins are thus made in the ____ and then imported into the ___

A

cytoplasm

organelle

54
Q

The mitochondrion and chloroplast are thus ______ of living independently

A

incapable

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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