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Descriptive anatomy of CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the count in the cervical region?

A

There is one less cervical vertebra than cervical spinal segment

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2
Q

Dorsal funiculus - what type of tracts?

A

Ascending, as well as lateral part of lateral funiculus

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3
Q

Part of hindbrain caudal to pontine flexure becomes?

A

Medulla

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4
Q

Rostral part of the metencephalon becomes?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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5
Q

What do the parts of the roof plate caudal and rostral to the cerebellum become?

A

Remain thin and form rostral and caudal medullary vela that form the roof of the lumen- the fourth ventricle

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6
Q

What does the pons continue as into the cerbellum?

A

Corresponds to the large transverse group of axons that encloses its ventral and lateral aspects and continues into cerebellum as middle cerebellar peduncle

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7
Q

What is the fourth ventricle covered by?

A

Covered by a tented roof formed in part by the ventral surgface of the cerebellum and by the rostral an caudal medullary vela

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8
Q

Label all

A

1: olfactory bulb
2: olfactory tract
2’: medial olfactory tract
2”: lateral olfactory tract
3: piriform lobe
4: rhinal sulcus
5: sylvian sulcus
6: ectosylvian gyrus
7: optic chiasm
8: optic tract
9: tuber cinereum
10: infundibulum
11: mammillary body
12: crus cerebri
13: interpeduncular fossa
14: pons
15: trapezoid body
16: cerebellar hemi
17: pyramids
18: crossing of pyramids

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9
Q

Label all

A

1: Fasciculus gracilus
2: Fasciculus cuneatus
3: Lateral corticospinal tract
4: Rubrospinal tract
5. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
6: Ventral spinocerebellar tract
7: Spino-olivary and olivospinal tracts
8: Propriospinal system
9: Spinothalamic tract
10: Vental corticospinal tract
11: Vestibulospinal tract
12: Ventral median fissure
13: Dorsal median sulcus

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10
Q

Label all

A

1: Olfactory bulb
2: Olfactory tract
3: Piriform lobe
4: Rhinal sulcus
5: Sylvian sulcus
5’: Sylvian gyrus
6: Ectosylvian sulcus
6’: Ectosylvian gyrus
7: Suprasylvian sulcus
7’: Suprasylvian gyrus
8: Ectomarginal sulcus
8’: Ectomarginal gyrus
9: Coronal sulcus
9’: Coronal gyrus
10: Cruciate sulcus
11: Cerebellar vermis
12: Cereellar hemis
13: Paraflocculus
14: Pons

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11
Q

Label all

A

1: Olfactory bulb
2: Hemi
3: Corpus callosum
4: Splenial sulcus
5: Cerebral cortex
6: Interventricular foramen
7: Fornix
8: Cingulate gyrus
8’: Supracallosal gyrus
9: Thalamus
10: Epithalamus
11: Epiphysis
12: Posterior commissure
13 and 14: Commissures of rostral and caudal colliculi
15: Rostral medullary velum
15’: Caudal medullary velum
16: Corpus medullare
17: Cerebellar cortex
18: Pons
19: Crus cerebri
20: Mammillary body
21: Hypophysis
22: infundibulum
23: Tuber cinereum
24: Optic chiasm
25: Interthalamic adhesion
26: Anterior commissure
27: Third ventricle
27”: Mesencephalic aqueduct
28: Septum pellucidum

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12
Q

Label all

A

1: Cut fibers of internal capsule
2: Dorsal part of thalamus
3: Epiphysis
4: Lateral geniculate body
5: Medial genculate body
6: Rostral colliculus
7: Caudal colliculus
8: Decussating fibers of trochlear nerves in rostral velum
9: Middle cerebellar peduncle
10: Caudal cerebellar peduncle
11: Rostral cerebellar peduncle
12: Dorsal cochlear nucleus
13: Cuneate tubercle
14: Fasciculus cuneatus
15: Fasciculus gracilis
16: Superfical arcuate fibers
17: Median sulcus
18: Medial eminence
19: Sulcus limitans
20: Optic tract
21: Margin of roof of third ventricle

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13
Q

Label all

A

1: Longitudinal fissure
2: Transverse fissure
3: Dorsal median sulcus
4: Tractus gracilius
5: Nucleus gracilus
6: Tractus cuneatus
7: Nucleus cuneatus
8: Cerebellar hemis
9: Cerebellar vermis
10: Marginal sulcus
10’: Marginal gyrus
11: Ectomarginal sulcus
11’: Ectomarginal gyrus
12: Suprasylvian sulcus
12’: Suprasylvian gyrus
13: Ectosylvian sulcus
13’: Ectosylvian gyrus
14: Cruciate sulcus
15: Olfactory bulb

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14
Q

Label all

A

A: Afferent B: Efferent
1: Mesencephalon
2: Rhombencephalon
3: Spinal cord
4: Cerebellum
5: Tectum mesencephli
6: Rostral colliculus
7: Trigeminal nuclei
8: Cochlear nuclei
9: Vestibular nuclei
10: Solitary nuc of VII, IX, X
11: Gustatory nuceli of VII, IX
12: Motor nuc of XI
13: Motor nuc of X
14: Nuc ambiguus of IX, X
15: Salivatory nuc of V
16: Motor nuc of VII
17: Motor nuc of V
18: Parasymp nuc of III

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15
Q

Which is the only nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of brain?

A

Trochlear nerve (IV), it emerges from dorsal aspect of brain after decussation within the rostral medullary velum

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16
Q

What is on either side of the caudal part of the fourth ventricle?

A

Gracile and cuneate nuclei, these are cranial terminations of the fasciculi of the dorsal funiculus of the SC

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17
Q

What does the somatic efferent column serve?

A

Muscles that have originated from somites and branchiomeres of head

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18
Q

What is the medial part of the somatic efferent column?

A

Medial part is fragmented into a long hypoglossal nuc and smaller abducent nuc within the floor of the fourth ventricle, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei within tegmentum of midbrain

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19
Q

What is the lateral part of the somatic efferent column?

A

Supplies the striated masticatory, facial, laryngeal, and pharyngeal muscles through trigeminal, facial and glosso, vagus and accessory nerves

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20
Q

What is the lateral part of the somatic efferent column divided into?

A

Into motor nuc of the trigeminal and facial nerves and the nuc ambiguus shared by the glosso and vagus nerves

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21
Q

What does the visceral efferent column supply?

A

Autonomic (parasymp) motor component of some certain nerves

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22
Q

What is the lateral of the visceral efferent columns divided into?

A
  • Parasymp nuc of vagus nerve , caudal salivatory nuc of glosso and rostral salivatory nuc of facial nerve
  • In midbrain- parasymp nuc of oculomotor
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23
Q

Where are the vagal parasymp fibers distributed?

A

Cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

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24
Q

Where are the parasymp fibers in glosso and facial nerves distributed?

A

Glands of head

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25
What do the parasymp fibers in oculomotor nerve innervate?
Smooth intrinsic muscles of eyeball
26
What does the visceral afferent column form?
A single very long nuc that is subdivided into facial, glosso, and vagus nerves- nuc of solitary tract, caudal part of mouth and taste
27
Where does the somatic afferent column extend from?
Cervical part of the spinal cord through the medullar and pons into mesencep
28
What is the rostralmost extent of the somatic afferent column?
Mesencephalic nuc of the trigeminal nerve and concerned with proprioception
29
What are the two exteroceptive nuclei of somatic afferent column?
1. Principal sensory nuc of trigeminal nerve within pons 2. Nucleus of descending tract of trigeminal nerve extends from the level of the pons into the cervical part of SC
30
What is the special somatic afferent column associated with?
Optic and vestibulocochlear nerves so CN II, VIII
31
What is the olivary nuclear complex?
- Located in the caudal part of the medulla, dorsolateral to the pyramidal tract - Important in regulation of motor feedback
32
What is the reticular formation?
- Diffuse system of nuclei and fiber tracts that extend from SC to forebrain - Occupies a large part of the core of the medulla and pons
33
What is the medial lemniscus?
- Axons arising from neurons in the gracile and cuneate nuclei, axons that initially travel ventrally from the nuclei, then cross the midline in the ventral part of the caudal medulla before turning rostrally as the prom. medial leminsical bundle
34
What arises from the principal sensory nuc of trigeminal nerve and the lateral cervical nuc in the SC?
Trigeminothalamic tract Cervicothalamic tract
35
Where is the gray matter in the cerebellum?
External cortex enclosing the white matter (medulla)
36
What does the medulla of the cerebellum contain?
Myelinated axon tracts arising from peduncle and radiating through the various lobes, lobules and folia
37
What are the nuclei in the white matter of medulla of cerebellum?
1. Fastigial nucleus - medial 2. Lateral cerebellar- dentate - lateral 3. Interpositus - in the middle
38
How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
Caudal and rostral medullary velum
39
Caudal cerebellar peduncle
- Connects cerebellum with the medulla - Composed of afferent fibers entering the cerebellum - Some from SC and others from vestibular nuclei, olivary nuc, and reticular formation
40
Middle cerebellar peduncle
- Composed afferent fibers - Arise from pontine nuclei
41
Rostral cerebellar peduncle
- Attached to midbrain - Composed of efferent fibers leaving the cerebellum to synapse in red nuc, reticular formation and thalamus - Includes a considerable afferent component that continues the ventral spinocerebellar tract
42
Balance, including head and eye movements, controlled by?
Flocculonodular lobe
43
Feedback regulation of motor function of axial and limb muscles?
Vermis and medialmostportions of the hemis
44
Planning motor movements?
Lateral hemis of cerebellum
45
Label all
1: Cerebellar vermis 1': Cortex 1":Medulla 2: Cerebellar hemi 3: Fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus 4: Gracile and cuneate nuc 5: Caudal cerebellar peduncle 6: Spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve 7: Nuc of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 8: Reticular formation 9: Root of hypoglossal nerve 10: Caudal olivary nuc 11: Pyramidal tract 12: Medial long tract 13: Motor nucleus of XII 14: Sulcus limitans 15: Motor nuc of X 16: Solitary tract 17: Solitary nuc 18: Choroid plexus 19: Fourth ventricle
46
Label all
1': Neocortex 1": Fibers 2: Paraflocculus lateralis 3: Middle cerebellar peduncle 4: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5: Nuc of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 6: Medial long fasciculus 7: Pyramidal tract 8: Pontine nuclei 9: Fourth ventricle 10: Nuc of VIII 11: Root of VIII 12: Rostral cerebellar peduncle 13: Fastigial nuc 14: Nuc interpositus 15: Lateral cerebellar nuc
47
Label all
1: Cerebral hemi 2: Cerebellum 3: Rostral cerebellar peduncle 4: Lateral lemniscus 5: Rubrospinal tract 6: Root of V 7: Middle cerebellar peduncle 8: MLF 9: Medial lemniscus 10: Pyramidal tract 11: Pontine nuclei 12: Nuc of lateral lemniscus 13: Reticular fomration 14: Fourth ventricle 15: Rostral medullary velum 16: Root of IV
48
Label all
1: Tectum 2: Tegmentum 3: Crus cerebri 4: Mesencephalic aqueduct 5: Oculomotor nuc 6: Red nuc 7: Substantia nigra 8: Locus coeruleus
49
How is the midbrain represented on ventral surface?
- Crus cerebri - Interpeduncular fossa - Superficial origin of oculomotor nerves (III)
50
What is lumen of the midbrain?
Mesencephalic aqueduct - simple canal joining the third and fourth ventricles
51
What is the stratified structure of the midbrain?
Tectum Tegmentum Cerebral peduncle
52
What is the anatomy of tectum?
- Lies dorsal to aqueduct - Four rounded surface swellings - Paired caudal swellings - caudal colliculi are joined by a substantial commissure - Rostral colliculi
53
Caudal colliculi
- Integration for auditory pathways - Brachium - axonal tract from caudal colliculi to the ipsi medial geniculate body in the thalamus
54
Rostral colliculi
- Joined to the LGN of thalamus by brachia but less intense - Integration for visual pathways- head movements and startle response
55
What is the anatomy of the tegmentum?
- Core of midbrain - Continuous with the corresponding region of the pons - as such, much of it is formed by the reticular formation - Nuclei: mesencephalic nuclei of trigeminal nerves, trochlear nuclei, principal and parasymp oculomotor, red nuclei, periaqueductal gray - Substantia nigra - identified bc darker- accumulation of melanin pigment
56
What is the anatomy of the crura cerebri?
- Comprise fiber tracts that travel from the telencephalon to the caudal BS - Fibers converge as they emerge from telencephalon - separated by interpeduncular fossa
57
Label all
1: Septal nuclei 2: Dorsal surface of thalamus 3: Fornix 4: Internal capsule 5: Dorsal part of 3rd ventricle 6: Epiphysis 7: Rostral colliculus 8: Caudal colli 9: Cerebellum 10: Lateral wall of hemi 11: Lumen of lat ventricle 12: Hippocampus 12': Cut edge of denticulate gyrus 13: Tail of caudate nuc 14: Head of caudate nuc
58
Label all
1: Cerebral hemi 2: Corpus callosum 3: Caudate nuc 4: Thalamic nuc 5: Internal capsule 6: Globus pallidus 6': Putamen 7: Amygdala 8: Optic tract 9: Crus cerebri 10: Hypothalamic nuc 11: Mammillothalamic tract 12: Mammillary body 13: Ventral part of third ventricle 14: Hypophysis 15: Oculomotor nerve 16: Ventral part of lateral ventricle 17: Hippocampus 18: Piriform lobe 19: Interthalamic adhesion 20: Dorsal part of third ventricle 21: Interventricular foramen 22: Fornix 23: Lateral ventricle
59
Label all
1: Cerebral hemi 2: Corpus callosum 3: Lateral geniculate nuc 4: Optic tract 5: Medial geniculate nuc 6: Hippocampus 7: Caudal commissure 8: Mesencephlic aqueduct 9: Red nucleus 10: Substantia nigra 11: Crus cerebri 12: Rostral extension of pontine nuc 13: Middle cerebellar peduncle 14: Interpeduncular nuc 15: Lateral ventricle 16: Third ventricle 17: Internal capsule 18: Thalamic nuc 19: Fornix
60
Label all
1: Fibers of internal capsule 2: Optic tract 3: Crus cerebri 4: Pons 5: Corpus medullare of cerebellum 6: Caudal colliculus 7: Medial geniculate body
61
Label all
1: Supracallosal and cingulate gyri 2: Hippocampus 3: Fornix 4: Commissure of fornix 5: Hypothalamus with mammillary body a: Input from the medial olfactory tract b: Input from the piriform lobe c: Output to the mammillothalamic tract d: output to brainstem
62
Label all
1: Vesti fiber in vestibulocohlear nerve 2: Vesti nuc 3: Vestibulospinal tract 4: Medial long fasciculus 5: Vestibulocerebellar tract 6: Abducent nuc 7: Trochlear nuc 8: Oculomotor nuc 9: Red nuc 10: Vestibulothalamic tract 11: Thalamic nuc 12: Thalamocortical projection fibers
63
Label all
1: Cochlear fibers in vestibulocochlear nerve 2: Cochlear nuc (dorsal and ventral) 3: Nuclei in trapezoid body 4: Lateral leminiscus 5: Nuc in lateral lem 6: Caudal colli 7: Medial geniculate nuc 8: Projection fiber for conscious perception
64
Label all
1: Motor cortex 2: Cerebellum 3: Basal nuclei 4: Substantia nigra 5: Red nuc 6: Pontine nuc 7: Reticular formation 8: Olivary nuc 9: Rubrospinal tract a: corticospinal fibers b: corticobulbar fibers c: corticopontine fibers
65
Label all
1: Cribriform plate 2: Ehtmoid foramen 3: Frontal sinus 4: Rostral fossa 5: Middle fossa 6: Hypophysial fossa 7: caudal fossa 8: tentorium cerebelli osseum 9: Petroseal crest 10: Foramen magnum
66
How many parts of diencephalon?
1- Epithalamus 2- Thalamus 3- Hypothalamus
67
What is epithalamus?
- Most dorsal part - Comprises pineal gland, habenular striae, habenulae, habenular commissure
68
Pineal gland
- Small, median body projecting dorsally from brainstem behind an evagination of the roof of the third ventricle that is compose only if pia and ependyma - Role in sexual development and behavior - Produces melatonin
69
Habenulae
- Nuclear complexes that decleop with most dorsal parts of wall of third ventricle - Emotion, movement, reward - Nuclei receive fibers (hab stria) from hippocampus and other parts of tel and send fibers to mesen nuc - Left and right hab nuc interconnected via hab commissure
70
Thalamus anatomy:
- Develops within the third ventricle - But in many species medial wall will expand and connect to make interthalamic adhesion - Extends rostrally to lamina terminalis grisea and caudal to midbrain - Dorsal surface contacts the fornix and floor of the lateral ventricle - Ventral surface is continuous with hypothalamus - Lateral face is enclosed by internal capsule of white matter containing axons ascending and descending from cerebral cortex
71
Thalamus composition:
- Very large number of nuclei - Form one of the most imp relay and integration centers in the brainstem - Nuc in ventral thalamus receive info from most afferent systems and provide relays on feedback control systems of motor pathways
72
Subthalamus anatomy:
- Subthalamic and endopeduncular nuclei and the zona incerta - Nuc acts as relay station for extrapyra motor pathways - Serve as links between limbic system and somatic and visceral motor systems
73
Metathalamus anatomy:
- Caudolateral part of the thalamus - Comprises lateral and medial geniculate bodies
74
Lateral geniculate nuc:
- Joined by the optic tract and sweeps caudodorsally over the surface of the thalamus - Relay visual information to cerebral cortex
75
Medial geniculate nuc:
- Lies ventromedial to the LGN and receives acoustic fibers via caudal colli - Acoustic information to cerebral cortex
76
Hypothalamus anatomy:
- Ventralmost parts of the lateral walls of the third ventricle - Appears on external surface of brain between preoptic region and cerebral peduncles and interpeduncular fossa
77
Hypothalamus features:
- Has tuber cinereum from which extend the stalk or infundibulum that suspends the hypophysis below the brain - Has a mammillary body that receives info from the hippocampal complex and sends info to thalamus via the mammillothalmic tract, imp for memory
78
Hypophysis anatomy:
- Dark solid body - Held in place by fold of dura
79
How do the cerebral hemispheres develop?
- As outgrowths of the diencephalon so walls remain in direct contact with diencephalon structures
80
Telencephalon is what two structures?
Paired hemis and lamina terminalis grisea- thin plate forming the rostral wall of the 3rd ventricle with the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
81
Choroid plexus:
- Develops with the ventricles in tel - Produces CSF
82
What are three regions of the pallium (or cortex)?
1. Paleopallium 2. Archipallium 3. Neopallium
83
Palleopallium
- Confined to basal part of brain - Separated from neopallium by rhinal sulcus - Rostral extremity is the olfactory bulb
84
What is the path of the olfactory nerve in the palleopallium?
- Arise from receptors within the nasal mucosa and pass through many performations in cribiform plate - In olfactory bulb- olfactory stimuli are conveyed to second stage neurons - Bulb is continued caudally by the common olfactory tract - This divides into medial and lateral divisions - Medial- runs medially to the third stage neuron, some fibers terminate in cortical gyri and others pass through anterior commissure to reach opposite hemi - Lateral - continues caudally to join piriform lobe and some go to amygdala
85
Where are the basal nuclei contained and what are they?
- Dorsal to paleopallium - Caudate and putamen = neostriatum - Globus pallidus = paleostriatum - Coordinate activity between thalamus and cerebral cortex and play role in initiation and regulation of movement
86
Caudate and putamen
- Putamen more lateral - Functionally one structure but separated by internal capsule - Nuc accumbens located in ventral part of this - for reward
87
Globus pallidus
- Located laterally - When combined with putamen is called lentiform nuc
88
What are the other components of the basal nuclei?
- Amygdala - Claustrum, on lateral face of claustrum is external capsule
89
What is the neopallium?
- Cerebral cortex - Divided into frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
90
What is the histologic structure of the neopallium?
- 6 superimposed strata that are densely populated by neurons and are separated the cell free divisions - Two neurons: spherical (granular) neurons and pyramidal neurons
91
What are association fibers?
- Connect parts of neopallium of the same hemi after passage directly below the cortex
92
What are commissural fibers?
- Connect two hemis generally linking equivalent contralateral parts - Run over roof of lateral ventricle and mainly cross within the corpus callosum
93
What are projection fibers?
- From cortex connect with lower parts of the CNS - Most converge on internal capsule between basal nuclei and thalamus
94
What is the archipallium?
- Correlation of olfactory with other sensory info but has acquired addition function in modern animals - Forms part of limbic system - Between olfactory bulb and hypothalamus
95
What is the fornix?
- Fibers leaving the hippocampus run rostrally over its surface, consolidating into a thick bundle - lies directly below the corpus callosum
96
What are the three tel commissures?
1. Corpus callosum of neopallium 2. anterior commissure of the paleopallium 3. Commissure of the fornix
97
What is the septum telencephali?
- Fornix remains connected to corpus by thin vertically oriented septum - contains septal nuclei where fibers from medial olfactory tract terminate
98
Label all
1: Supracallosal and cingulate gyri (I): Positions of the corpus callosum (II): and thalamus 2. Hippocampus 3: Fornix 4: commissure of the fornix 5: Hypothalamus with mammillary body a: input from the medial olfactory tract b: input from piriform c: output to the mammillothalamic tract d: output to brainstem

Basic Anatomy (10 decks)

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