Design Technology Flashcards
1
Q
Anthropometric Data
A
Aspect of ergonomics - deals with body measurements e.g. size, strength…
2
Q
Static Data
A
Human body measurements when subject is still i.e. height
Measured with:
- Callipers, stadiometer, anthropometer.
3
Q
Dynamic data
A
Measurements when subject is moving.
i.e. reach, grip, reaction times.
Measured with:
- Callipers, stadiometer, anthropometer.
4
Q
5th + 99th Percentile
A
Population stereotypes + mass market target consumers (common features)
5
Q
50th Percentile
A
Model Person + common physical features
- Mass market products
6
Q
Extreme User Population
A
extreme physical features (tailored)
7
Q
Psychological Factors
A
User: feel/respond emotionally
8
Q
Physiological Factors
A
physical characteristics to optimise user safety + health + performance
9
Q
Biomechanics
A
Research + Analysis of how living organisms work.
10
Q
Design for discomfort
A
Product intended to cause discomfort
11
Q
Green Design
A
Zero negative impact
production -> disposal
12
Q
Six R’s
A
Re-use - products like paper
Recycle - disassemble into raw materials
Repair - when broken down
Recondition - returns to manufacturer
Re-engineer - redesign (effectiveness)
Refuse - consumer’s awareness
13
Q
Fossil Fuels Pollutants
A
Sulphur -> acid rain
CO2 -> additional = excess heat
14
Q
Clean Coal
A
washed to remove impurities
15
Q
Wet Scrubbers + Fuel gas removers
A
Remove Sulphur with limestone spray
16
Q
Lo-Nox Burners
A
reduce nitrogen oxide by charged particles
17
Q
Bio-Fuels
A
Vegetable oils + Internal combustion engines
18
Q
Bio-mass
A
by-product of decomposition
e.g. methane gas
19
Q
Conceptual Modelling
A
Outline principles, processes + functions
20
Q
Graphic Modelling
A
Simplify + present data for further development
21
Q
Physical Modelling
A
Production of tangible artefact
-> helps visualise
22
Q
CAD modelling
A
virtual prototypes (speed up processes)
23
Q
Rapid Prototype Manufacture
A
Array of models with more complexity
Simulated by software
24
Q
Mathematical Modelling
A
Use of calculations to plan future costs.
e.g. material requirements
25
Aesthetic characteristics
Taste
Smell
Appearance
texture
26
Smart Materials
React to changes in their environment
27
Ionic Metals
Metal + Metal
28
Velant Metals
Metal + Non-Metal
29
Covelant
Non-Metals
30
Workhardening
Hardening by manipulating shape in particular way.
31
Tempering (Metals)
heated + left to cool = weaker bonds
- deformed to desired shape
32
Composite timber
Man-made Timber with wood adhesives
e.g. MDF
33
Thermosetting
Cast/Modelled once
34
Thermoplastic
Cast/remodelled many times
35
Polypropylene (PP)
tough
e.g. ropes
36
Polyethylene (PE)
synthetic + most used
e.g. plastic bags
37
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
tough, rigid
e.g. toys, packaging
38
Acrylonitrile - Butadiene - Styrene (ABS)
resistant (heat, chemicals) + low cost
e.g. battery cases
39
Polyethylene Terephalate (PET)
water/moisture resistant
e.g. soft drink containers
40
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Flexible + strong + easily sterilised
e.g. medical appliances
41
Urea - Formaldehyde
Toxic + cancerous -> Vapour emitted
42
Malemine Resin
Stiff + hard
e.g. protective layers
43
Epoxy Resin
Insulant + multi purpose
e.g. wire insulator
44
Additive Techniques (Manufacture)
adding materials e.g. 3D printer
45
Subtractive Techniques (Manufacture)
remove material e.g. Milling machines
46
Shaping Techniques (Manufacture)
Changing physical shape
e.g. moulding, laminating
47
Joining Techniques (Manufacture)
permanent -> glueing riveting
Temporary -> nuts + bolts, Velcro.
48
Intellectual Property (IP)
ownership of intangible goods
49
Patents
Protects functional expressions (20 years)
50
Copyright
protects works of authorship
e.g. paintings
51
Trade Mark (TM)
identifies + distinguishes sources
52
Design Patent
protection of physical (14 years)
- easy to issue
53
Utility Patent
protects function (20 years)
- difficult to issue
54
Service Mark
Identification associated to a service
55
Process Innovation
Implementing new production + delivery methods e.g. equipment
56
Strategic Design
future orientated = increase innovation
57
Architectural Innovation
improvements in how we assemble components e.g. flexible manu. systems a
58
ROGER's characteristics of innovation and consumers
Relative advantage
-> perception product
Compatibility
-> consistent with customers needs/expectations
Complexity (Simplicity)
-> easy use of product
Observability (Visibility)
-> product seen as beneficial/an advantage
Trialability
-> Opportunity for customers to experiment product prior purchase.
59
Categories of consumers
Innovators - first (risk takers)
Early adopters - 2nd fastest
Early Majority - 3rd group after feedback
Late Majority - Adopt after market established
Laggards - Last, prefer traditions + no risk
60
Classic Design
Image - recognizable
Status/culture
Obsolence -defies it
Mass production
Ubiquitous/Omnipresent (constant presence)
Dominant - marketplace
61
Form vs Function
form follows function
e.g. hammers
62
User Centred design
design targetted to user's demands + interaction with it
Process is Iterative
63
Usability (product)
product acceptance, know your target users.
e.g. ease of use
64
User Population
general characteristics of whole user group
65
Physio-pleasure
sensory organs
e.g. the feel of a product
66
Psycho-pleasure
emotional/mental reactions
e.g. social interactions
67
Socio-pleasure
Emotional reactions to interactions about product.
e.g. Society + status
68
Ideo-Pleasure
satisfying tastes/cultures...
e.g. aesthetically pleasing
69
Triple Bottom line Sustainability
environmental
- negative impact
Economic
-no negative impact on economy
Social
- no negative impact on society
70
Decoupling
disconnecting economic growth with env. impact
-> economy grows without increase in env. impact
71
Kyoto protocol
International agreement
-> emission reduction targets
negative
-> heavy impact on developing countries
(Japan, 1997)
72
Sustainable reporting
documents companies release:
- impact by energy activities
advantages
-> goals + manage change
73
Integrated reporting
recent development
- combines financial + non-financial performance
74
Product stewardship
Focuses on product life cycle.
Manu. -> recycling + design
Customers -> proper disposal
75
Sustainable consumption
products/services meet sustainability requirements.
76
Sustainable design
- eco design
- analyse impact through life cycle
- considers sustainability
77
Datchefski's Principles (5)
Solar - energy to produce a product/service/system should be renewable.
Safe – products must be made with non-toxic materials.
Social – the product has to be good for consumers/communities and the workers/manufacturers.
Efficient - the product must use the least amount of raw materials = reduce waste.
Cyclic – using recycled materials or recycling the materials used.
78
Sustainable Innovation
services/systems eco-friendly
- lowers costs
disadvantages
- radical change (costly)
79
Top-down strategies
Top = Global/national
targets + management of resources
Designers
-> less investment + predictable
80
Bottom-up Strategies
Bottom = Local + regional
e.g. planting trees campaign
Designers
-> enthusiasts + risk takers
81
Government1 Intervention in Innovation
1) Regulation - limits
2) Education - info e.g. labels
3) Taxes - penalise = costly
4) Subsides - Support sustainable innovations
82
Energy Security
influenced by energy demand + supply trends
83
Energy Demand
Not constant
Responsibility on those who manage and generate elec.
84
Market Development
selling products to a wider audience = increase sales
85
Geographic Segmentation
nations, regions
86
Demographic Segmentation
age, gender, occupation
-tailored to individual
87
Behavioral Segmentation
usage rate, response...
88
Psychographic Segmentation
studying activities/opinions
89
Occasional Segmentation
impulse buyers
90
Segmentation by benefits
Customers perceived by benefits
91
Cultural Segmentation
purchase based on culture
92
4 P's
Product - maintain quality
Place - implications of selling
Price - strategies (types)
Promotion - awareness
93
Registered Design
Protects appearance
- new design
- industrially applied
Advantages
- right to owership
94
Lean Production
assembly line methodology 'just in time' production strategy
95
Lean Management
Continuous improvements
Long-term = small -> big changes
96
Lean manufacturing
Eliminate waste + wasteful activity
97
Value stream mapping
Lean tool
- Document + analyse + improve flow of info + materials needed
Advantage
-> used at broader level
-> identifies focus
98
Six sigma
Management technique
- evaluates efficiency using statistic analysis
- manufacture products with no defects (3.4 per 1mill)
Advantage
-eliminates wasteful practices
-reduce production costs
99
Work Flow analysis
Review processes + improve business (consultants do it)
Main factors
1) tech. advances = less costs
2) Overlook tasks for improv.
100
Product Family Matrix
Groups products in Families.
1) Products - left column
2) process steps from customer to production
3) common process steps
= product family
Downstream
- closer to consumer
Upstream
- closer to raw materials
101
Kaizen
(by Masaak Imai)
Continuous movement
= competitive strategy
Principles:
1) good processes
= good results
2) Speak with data + manage
with facts
3) Correct causes of
problems (actions to
contain)
4) Work as team
Small changes over time
= big results
102
5 S's
Determine approaches to business through Standards
Sort - needed vs not
Straighten - arrange, identify
Shine - clean = safety
Standardise - revisit first 3 S's
Sustain - keep to rules
Advantages
- improve safety
- sense of involvement
- Reduces waste e.g. stock
- improved performance
103
Seven Wastes
1) Overproduction - costly
2) Waiting - processes slow
3) Transportation - moving
4) Inappropriate processing
- elaborative + costly
5) Unnecessary motion
6) Defects - inspections
7) Excessive inventory
104
Zero Defects
+ Zero Inventory (ZIPS)
- Strives for prefect production (0 defects)
- time inventory control system (waste = eliminated)
105
CIM (Comp. Int. Man.)
- Supports lean production systems
- work flow analysis required
- included in ZIPS
e.g.
raw materials stored in automated systems
-> picked when needed
-> no need for human involv.
106
Quality Management
Ensured product/service is consistent
- focus on quality
- oversee tasks to maintain it
107
Economic Viability
When project proves it is economically viable
- innovative + sustainable
- positive impact on society
+ environment
1) Funding + profits
2) Operation costs
3) integrate project into wider scales
4) Adapt to future changes
5) Robust economic models
