Designing an Accessible User Experience

Question 1

True or false: You can create a website that complies fully with the WCAG accessibility guidelines, but which is not fully accessible.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a subjective accessibility guideline that is not easily testable?

A. All images have an alt attribute.
B. The cognitive skills required to use a web page are minimized.
C. All form input elements have a label.
D. The web page has a title.

Answer 2

B. The cognitive skills required to use a web page are minimized.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the 7 Principles of Universal Design?

A. Equitable Use
B. Simple and Intuitive Use
C. Tolerance for Error
D. High Physical Effort

Answer 3

D. High Physical Effort

Question 4

Name the 7 Principles of Universal Design?

Answer 4

1 Principle One: Equitable Use (Gleichberechtigte Nutzung)
2 Principle Two: Flexibility in Use
3 Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use
4 Principle Four: Perceptible Information
5 Principle Five: Tolerance for Error
6 Principle Six: Low Physical Effort
7 Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use

Question 5

True or False: The design-centric approach to accessibility focuses on a person’s limitations.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Web accessibility happens readily without planning.
B. As long as all website components are accessible individually, the entire user experience will always be accessible.
C. Retrofitting an accessibility solution can solve most accessibility problems, without having to start the design from scratch.
D. Accessibility rot in websites can occur when designers see accessibility as a one-time project, rather than an ongoing process.

Answer 6

D. Accessibility rot in websites can occur when designers see accessibility as a one-time project, rather than an ongoing process.

Question 7

True or False: Designing for edge cases is a more inclusive design approach than designing for the statistical normal distribution of users.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Which of these aspects can affect the experience of a website user with a disability?

A. The person’s technology literacy and experience
B. The amount of time the person has had the disability
C. The person’s level of expertise at using their assistive technology
D. All of the above

Answer 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

True or False: When designing accessible solutions, it’s helpful to think of disabilities as binary; either they are there or not there.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

What does an “accessibility first” mindset mean, with respect to website and app development?

A. Accessibility is the number one most important consideration, above everything else.
B. Accessibility should be incorporated from the very start of the project all the way to the end.
C. The project budget should prioritize accessibility before any other elements.
D. Problems related to accessibility should always be fixed first, before any other problems.

Answer 10

B. Accessibility should be incorporated from the very start of the project all the way to the end.

Question 11

True or False: Designing for people with disabilities has collateral benefits for all users.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

True or False: It’s a good idea to create two versions of a website, the standard one and the accessible one.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

The meaning of “affordance” is:

A. How much of a project’s budget can be dedicated to accessibility
B. The range of possible actions that someone can perform with an object
C. The error tolerance within an accessible website design

Answer 13

B. The range of possible actions that someone can perform with an object

Question 14

True or false: Screen reader users usually navigate pages by listening to the entire page being read from start to finish.

A. True
B. False

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What determines the audio-structural experience of a web page for a screen reader user?

A. The visual layout
B. The semantic structure

Answer 15

B. The semantic structure

Question 16

True or false: to provide accessible content for deafblind users, you must ensure that everything is available in a machine-readable text format.

A. True
B. False

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False: Open captions (rather than closed captions) are a good choice to accommodate all users.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

True or False: WCAG provides extensive and detailed guidelines for designing for users with cognitive disabilities.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

To create accessible user-generated content, you can employ all of these strategies, EXCEPT:

A. Automate accessibility fixes.
B. Prompt and guide users to create accessible content during the authoring process.
C. Limit the type of content users can post.
D. Require users to delete and re-post content that has accessibility errors.

Answer 19

D. Require users to delete and re-post content that has accessibility errors.

Question 20

True or false: Anything that invites and posts user input is an authoring tool.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or false: There are no authoring tool guidelines for accessibility.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT an example of an automated accessibility solution that is currently available?

A. Skype Translator
B. Automatic captions on YouTube
C. Automatic audio descriptions on YouTube
D. Automatic alt text on Facebook images

Answer 22

C. Automatic audio descriptions on YouTube

Question 23

Which Design Considerations for Blindness are relvant:

A: All content must be presented in text or via a text equivalent (e.g., alt text for images or other non-text objects).

B: All functionality must be available using only the keyboard (Note: be sure to test with the screen reader turned on, because there are subtle differences in keyboard behaviors when the screen reader is on).

C: The content must use markup with good structure and semantics (headings, landmarks, tables, lists, etc.).

D: All custom controls (e.g., expand/collapse buttons, media player volume control, dialogs, etc.) must have the correct name/label, role (either with HTML or with ARIA), and value, and must change value when appropriate (e.g., aria-expanded=”false” changes to aria-expanded=”true” after activating the button).

E: Users must receive immediate feedback after all actions, via their screen reader. Silence after activating a feature is always bad!

F: Videos require audio descriptions (additional narration of visual content) if the video’s original audio track (dialog, sounds, narration) does not explain everything that a person who is blind would need to know to understand the video.

G: On mobile devices:
All features require a click action.
Custom swipe actions on web pages will not work with the screen reader turned on.

H: All of above

Answer 23

All

Question 24

Which Design Considerations for Low Vision are relevant?

A: The pinch-to-zoom feature must not be disabled (avoid <meta></meta>).

B: All text must pass contrast guidelines against the background (verify using Deque’s axe DevTools accessibility browser extension or a similar tool).

C: Links, buttons, and controls must have a visible :focus state and should have a visible :hover state.

D: The user interface should provide a clear visual distinction between content (e.g., text) and controls (e.g., buttons, links, etc.).

E: All of above

Answer 24

ALL

Question 25

True or False: Design Considerations for Colorblindness are:

All information must be understandable without needing to distinguish between colors Reds and greens are especially problematic when used as the only way to convey information.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Which Design Considerations for Deafness and Hard-of-Hearing are relevant?

A: All videos must have captions.

B: All audio-only content must have transcripts.

C: Sign language interpretation of videos can be very helpful.

D: All videos must have audio description

E: A, B, und C

Answer 26

E: A, B und C

Question 27

Which Design Considerations for Deafblindness are relevant?

A: All of the considerations for blindness apply.

B: All of the considerations for deafness apply.

C: In addition, a transcript should be provided for multimedia (video plus audio) content.

D: All of above

Answer 27

D: All of above

Question 28

Which Design Considerations for Dexterity/Motor Disabilities are relevant?

A: All functionality must be available using only the keyboard.

B: Links, buttons, and controls must have a visible :focus state and should have a visible :hover state.

C: With session time-outs, warn users before the time expires (e.g., an accessible dialog or alert), and give them the option to extend the session. Ensure the warning itself allows for slow responses. A recommended minimum response time is 2 minutes.

D: Provide large click targets (links, buttons, controls) for users who have movements that are difficult to control

E: All of above

Answer 28

E: All of above

Question 29

Design Considerations for Speech Disabilities

Don’t depend on voice input (e.g., in mobile apps, custom widgets, games, etc.).

Answer 29

Why?
People with speech disabilities have difficulty with producing voice sounds and using muscles in their mouths, so it is critical that alternative means of communication are provided such as text chats, forms, email, etc.

Question 30

Design Considerations for Cognitive Disabilities

For users with lower comprehension:

Simplify the interface as much as possible.
Simplify the content as much as possible.
Keep videos and audio as short as possible.
Limit the number of choices on the screen.
Provide help features.
Design for ease of use.
Test the usability of the interface with actual users, preferably including users with cognitive disabilities.

Answer 30

Why?

Users who have lower comprehension will have a better web experience if the interface and content are easy to use and easy to understand. Too many options and complex information may be difficult for them to process.

Question 31

Design Considerations for Cognitive Disabilities

For users with memory loss:
Retain information across screens, and within a path.
Provide help features.

Answer 31

Why?

A website that has predictability across all its pages (same navigation, same structure, etc.) will greatly benefit users with memory loss. Sites that are too complicated may fatigue users with memory loss. If a user has difficulty interacting with the web page, help features can assist them with navigating the web page.

Question 32

Design Considerations for Cognitive Disabilities

For users with distractibility (Ablenkbarkeit):
Reduce or eliminate distractions (be careful with ads, carousels, intrusive audio, intrusive video, etc.).

Answer 32

Why?

Too many distractions on a web page may cause people with cognitive disabilities to miss important information being conveyed on a web page. Distractions may cause them to lose focus or overwhelm them, and users may navigate from the web page.

Question 33

Design Considerations for Reading Disabilities (Leseschwächen)

For users with difficulty reading (dyslexia, etc.):

Supplement text with illustrations, videos, audio, etc.
Avoid the highest level of contrast for text against background (e.g., black on white) BUT be sure to stay within the contrast range that people with low vision need.

Answer 33

Why?

People who have difficulty reading text will need the information conveyed in other formats like images, audio, and video. Using the highest contrast may also be difficult for people to read and hard on the eyes, so using colors that are a slight step down in contrast (e.g., dark grey against white or off-white) may make reading text a little easier.

Question 34

Design Considerations for Seizure Disorders (Anfallsleiden)

Don’t include videos, animations, or transitions with sequences of flashing light at a rate of 3 or more times per second.

Answer 34

Why?

Using content that flashes, blinks, or flickers 3 or more times per second may trigger photo-epileptic seizures in susceptible users.

Question 35

True or false:
Can you create a design that complies fully with the accessibility guidelines, but which is not fully accessible?

Answer 35

True

Question 36

A JavaScript drag-and-drop widget is designed to work with any of the following: a mouse, a touchscreen, or a keyboard.

Which design principle applies?

A: Principle Two: Flexibility in Use
B: Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use
C: Principle Four: Perceptible Information

Answer 36

A: Principle Two: Flexibility in Use

Question 37

A web site uses semantic markup in all the appropriate places (headings, landmarks, table structure, form labels, etc.) and creates a single design that works well for users who are sighted as well as for users who are blind.

Which design principle applies?

A: Principle One: Equitable Use
B Principle Six: Low Physical Effort
C: Principle Two: Flexibility in Use

Answer 37

A: Principle One: Equitable Use

Question 38

A video tutorial on how to tie your shoes is shown with no narration, making the video useless for a person who is blind.

What design principle is being violated here?

A: Principle One: Equitable Use
B: Principle Four: Perceptible Information
C: Principle Two: Flexibility in Use

Answer 38

B: Principle Four: Perceptible Information

Question 39

A web site is designed with many links in the header and navigation section, and no headings, landmarks, or “skip to main content” link to allow users to jump to the main content.

What design principle is being violated here?

A: Principle Six: Low Physical Effort
B: Principle Four: Perceptible Information
C: Principle Two: Flexibility in Use

Answer 39

A: Principle Six: Low Physical Effort

Question 40

What is the different between Accessibility and UX?

Answer 40

accessibility

audience: people with disabilities
intent: the targeted audience can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with websites and tools (an equivalent user experience)

user experience

audience: anyone
intent: a product should be effective, efficient, and satisfying

Accessibility includes a more technical aspect (considerate of assistive technologies, for instance); UX is more principled in its approach.

Usable accessibility = a11y + UX.

Accessibility is just one aspect of the “universal web”.