DEVELOP: Social Development in Adolescence I Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is psychosocial development?
Happens during adolescence relating to social environment and other people.
Characterised by:
-identity formation.
-development of autonomy.
What does Erikson (1959) detail as identity formation?
People progress through 8 stages as develop psychosocially.
In each stage, people face developmental conflict, must be resolved to successfully develop ‘primary virtue’ of the stage. Erikson interested in how social interaction and relationships affect development + growth. Used psychoanalytic theoretical framework.
Outline psychosocial development?
Each stage has two contradictory emotional forces= contrary dispositions.
-dystonic: disposition/ behaviour that conflicts with one’s beliefs and will.
-syntonic: disposition/ behaviour that is adaptive and appropriate to a given situation.
Disposition causes crisis or task we need to resolve or master to acquire a ‘virtue’.
Detail the stages of psychosocial development?
Approximate Age-> Psychosocial crisis/task-> virtue developed.
Infant-18 months-> trust vs mistrust-> hope.
18 months-3 years-> autonomy vs shame/ doubt-> will.
3-5 years-> initiative vs guilt-> purpose.
5-13 years-> industry vs inferiority-> competency.
13-21 years-> identity vs confusion-> fidelity.
21-39 years-> intimacy vs isolation-> love.
40-65 years-> generativity vs stagnation-> care.
65- older-> integrity vs despair-> wisdom.
Outline the role of confusion in identity vs confusion?
-weak sense of trust, lack of faith in ideals.
-little autonomy or initiative.
-little active exploration during adolescence.
-failure to choose vocation that matches interest and skills
-may appear shallow and directionless.
What is the significance of establishing identity in identity vs confusion?
-developed personality.
-crucial step towards becoming productive, content adult.
-involves who you are, what you value and your direction in life.
-drives choices of vocation in interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of one’s sexual orientation and ideals.
Outline identity statuses?
Mixture of exploration and commitment.
Exploration of interests, talents, abilities, beliefs and values.
Commitment to ones identity (including gender, sexual and cultural identity).
What are the four categories that can be achieved by identity statuses?
Identity-achieved: higher self-esteem.
Open to alternative ideas + values.
Feel in control of their lives.
View school and work as avenues for realizing aspirations.
More advanced in moral reasoning and more concerned with social justice.
How do adolescents who have entered moratorium act?
-actively explore options but not yet made commitment.
-may be at risk if get stuck in this stage.
=high exploration, low commitment.
How do adolescents in foreclosure act?
-passive in face of identity concerns.
-adjustment difficulties.
-display dogmatic, inflexible cognitive styles.
-resist information that threatens their position.
=high commitment, low exploration.
How do adolescents act in identity-achieved?
-higher self-esteem.
-open to alternative ideas + values.
-feeling control of their lives.
-view school + work as avenues for realizing aspiration.
=high exploration, high commitment.
How do adolescents act in long-term diffused?
-use diffuse- avoidant cognitive style.
-entrust themselves to luck or fate.
-at risk for depression and suicide.
How can identity statuses predict trajectories of development?
Ppt: 923 early-middle (49.3 female) and 390 middle to late adolescents (56.7% female) between ages of 12-20.
Measures identity status- urecht-management of identity commitments scale (U-MICS).
Depressive symptoms- children’s depression inventory (CDI).
Delinquency-self-report of delinquent behaviours over last 12-months.
How does puberty effect identity development?
Changes in body + societal reactions to these changes’ implications for gender development and sexuality and roles one holds.
How does family effect identity development?
Identity development is enhanced when family serves as ‘secure base’; parenting is particularly important.
How do peers effect identity development?
Warm, trusting peer ties provide emotional support, assistance + models for prosocial behaviour and relationships in adulthood.
BUT not all peer groups positive.
How does school, community, culture effect identity development?
Promotes identity development by offering opportunities for exploration; conversely some social environments are risk factors for identity development and psychosocial development in general.
How does personality effect identity development?
Confident, flexible, self-reflective approach is helpful in identifying and pursuing life goals.
What is self-concept theory of personality?
Self-concept determined by congruency vs, inconsistency between self-image, self-esteem and ideal self.
What is self esteem?
Relate to how one evaluates themselves, or self-worth.
What is self-concept?
Adolescent’s perception of own self which can broadly be defined as one’s talents, goals and life experiences. Also relates to identity as part of ethnic, religious and sexual orientation groups.
How does self esteem change through life?
Develops in adolescence.
Rises mid- to late adolescence.
Individual differences become more stable.
New components appear: close friendships, romantic appeal, job competence.
What three things can effect self-esteem?
-social environment.
-pubertal timing.
-child-rearing styles.
How does social media effect self-esteem?
Steinsbekk et al (2021) recruited 725 (50% female) cisgendered adolescents + measured self-esteem relating to physical appearance and social media use at 10,12, 14yrs.
-for girls, liking + commenting reduced own self esteem.
-posting own stuff did not affect self-esteem.
