Developing Fuels

Question 1

How do you convert between Celsius and Kelvin?

Answer 1

Add 273.

0C = 273K

Question 2

What is the equation of enthalpy change?

Answer 2

Q = mcΔT

Question 3

What is standard conditions?

Answer 3

25C or 298K - Temperature
1 atm or 1.01x10^5 Nm^-2 - Pressure
1 MolDm^-3 - Concentration

Question 4

What is ΔfH°298?

Answer 4

Standard enthalpy change of formation

Question 5

What is ΔcH°298?

Answer 5

Standard enthalpy change of combustion

Question 6

Exothermic reaction change?

Answer 6

Negative ΔH

Question 7

Endothermic reaction change?

Answer 7

Posative ΔH

Question 8

Hess’s Law

Answer 8

The enthalpy change for a reaction can be worked out by calculating the enthalpy change of the formation of the reactants and products from their raw states and adding/subtracting them

Question 9

How many carbons does a gas alkane have?

Answer 9

1-4

Question 10

How many carbons does a liquid alkane have?

Answer 10

5-16

Question 11

How many carbons does a solid alkane have?

Answer 11

17+

Question 12

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 12

Molecules that only contain a hydrogen and a carbon

Question 13

What is a arene?

Answer 13

A molecule that contains a benzene ring

Question 14

What is the difference between and alkane and a alkene?

Answer 14

Alkanes have single bonds

Alkenes have double bonds

Question 15

What does saturated mean?

Answer 15

Alkanes (single bonds)

Question 16

What is a bond?

Answer 16

Electrical attraction between the nucleus of atoms and electrons

Question 17

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

Answer 17

A catalyst that is a different state from what it is catalysing

Question 18

What is a homogeneous catalyst?

Answer 18

A catalyst that is the same state as what it is catalysing

Question 19

How much catalyst do you need?

Answer 19

Small ammounts

Question 20

What does a catalyst do?

Answer 20

Speeds up the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation enthalpy allowing more reactants to react

Question 21

What does the double bond in an alkene do to the alkene?

Answer 21

It causes the boiling point to increase

Question 22

What does a double bond consist of?

Answer 22

A sigma and a pi bond

Question 23

Describe the process for an electrophilic addition reaction?

Answer 23

The double bond in the alkene causes there to be a slight negative charge
A bromine bond is attracted to the negative charge so the bromine becomes polarised.
The carbon double bond breaks and bonds with the bromine and the bromine bond breaks filling the outer shell of the other bromine.
The other carbon on the alkene forms a cation and the other bromine is attracted to it and bonds with it.
So an alkane is produced with two bromine atoms attatched.

Question 24

Describe the process for a catalyst reaction

Answer 24

1. The reactants ADSORB to the surface of the catalyst
2. Then all the bonds in the molecule breaks
3. The bonds react and reform into the new molecule
4. The product then deadsorbs from the surface of the catalyst.

Question 25

What is 1dm^3 in cm^3

Answer 25

1dm^3 = 1000cm^3

Question 26

What is the ideal gas equation?

Answer 26

PV = nRT | Pressure x Volume (M^3) = Moles x Gas constant x temperature

Question 27

What is chain isomerism?

Answer 27

This is when the carbons in the carbon chain rearrange and change shape

Question 28

What is positional isomerism?

Answer 28

When atoms substituted into the carbon chain are rearranged

Question 29

What is functional group isomerism?

Answer 29

Where a functional group moves

Question 30

What is an isomer?

Answer 30

Same molecular formula - different arrangement of atoms

Question 31

What is a sterio isomer?

Answer 31

When the molecules have the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space.

Question 32

How is carbon monoxide converted in a catalytic converter?

Answer 32

2CO + O2 ==> 2CO2

Question 33

How are unburnt hydrocarbons converted?

Answer 33

C7H16 + 11O2 ==> 7CO2 + 8H2O

Question 34

How is nitrogen monoxide converted in a catalytic converter?

Answer 34

2NO + CO ==> N2 + 2CO2

Question 35

How are particles removed from a car engine?

Answer 35

With a particulates filter

Question 36

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

Answer 36

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ==> Carbon Monoxide + water

Question 37

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

Answer 37

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ==> Carbondioxide + Water

Question 38

Particulate pollutant

Answer 38

Bad for lungs Burning Coal Volcanoes

Question 39

Carbon monoxide pollutant

Answer 39

Incomplete combustion Toxic Photochemical smog

Question 40

Carbon dioxide pollutant

Answer 40

Burning Fossil Fuels | Green house effect

Question 41

Nitrogen oxide pollutant

Answer 41

Photochemical smog | Acid rain

Question 42

Sulfur dioxide pollutant

Answer 42

Toxic | Acid rain

Question 43

VOC pollutants

Answer 43

Unburnt fuel | Photochemical smog

Question 44

How is weak acid rain made with sulfur dioxide?

Answer 44

SO2 + H2O ==> H2SO3

Question 45

How is strong acid rain made with sulfur dioxide?

Answer 45

SO3 + H2O ==> H2SO4

Question 46

How is acid rain made with Nitrogen oxides?

Answer 46

2NO + H2O + 1.5O2 ==> 2HNO3 | 2NO2 + H2O + 0.5O2 ==> 2HNO3

Question 47

What are the benefits of biofuels?

Answer 47

Few Particles No Sulfur emmisions No net change in CO2 emmisions (Carbon neutral)

Question 48

What are the benefits of hydrogen fuel?

Answer 48

Less dense than petrol No carbon dioxide Very abundent Nitros oxides are produced.