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Development Flashcards

1
Q

prenatal period

A

the period between fertilization and birth, aka gestational period

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2
Q

three sub-periods of the prenatal period

A

pre-embryonic

embryonic

fetal period

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3
Q

pre-embryotic period

A

covers from fertilization to gastrulation, which is the first 2 weeks of development

conceptus is called a zygote and later a pre-embryo

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4
Q

embryonic period

A

covers from gastrulation (week 3) to the beginning of week 9

the conceptus is called an embryo

Primordia of all major organ systems are formed during this period (e.g., primordial urinary system is laid out)

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5
Q

fetal period

A

covers from week 9 to birth

conceptus is called a fetus

fetus undergoes further growth and differentiation of tissues during this period, and organs increase in complexity (e.g., kidney tissues increase in size and further differentiate to complex functions).

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6
Q

postnatal period

A

the period after birth

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7
Q

conceptus

A

the embryo in the uterus

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8
Q

general sub-periods of the postnatal period

A

neonatal (~first month after birth)

infancy (~first year after birth)

childhood (period between infancy and puberty)

puberty (when one becomes functionally capable of reproduction

adulthood (attainment of full growth and maturity, btw 18-21 years)

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9
Q

feralization

A

a single fertilized cell (zygote) divides by mitosis to produce cells all over the body

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10
Q

zygote

A

a single fertilized cell

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11
Q

two types of cells in the body (genetics-wise)

A

diploid (somatic) cells

haploid cells (sex cells or gametes)

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12
Q

diploid cells

A

also called somatic cells; contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 46)

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13
Q

haploid cells

A

also called sex cells or gametes; contains 23 chromosomes (n = 23)

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14
Q

two types of chromosomes

A

autosomes

sex chromosomes

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15
Q

autosomes

A

contain genetic information for most bodily structure and functional characteristics

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16
Q

sex chromosomes

A

contain sex information

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17
Q

the route of sperm

A

from the vagina to the cervix using their tails, then pass through the uterus and uterine tubes mainly d/t the contraction of the walls of these structures

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18
Q

corpus luteum (CL)

A

develops from the collapsed walls of the ovarian follicle after ovulation d/t the influence of LH

CL is a glandular structure that secretes progesterone and some estrogen, which cause the endometrial glands to secrete and prepare the endometrium for implantation of the blastocyst

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19
Q

the corpus luteum (CL) of pregnancy

A

develops from the CL if the oocyte is fertilized and increases its hormone production

degeneration of the CL is prevented by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

remains functionally active throughout the first 20 weeks of pregnancy until the placenta takes over the production of estrogen and progesterone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy

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20
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum (CL) if the oocyte is not fertilized

A

the CL degenerates 10-12 days after ovulation, transforming into white scar tissue (corpus albicans)

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21
Q

corpus albicans

A

white scar tissue formed from the CL if the oocyte is not fertilized within 10-12 days after ovulation

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22
Q

corpus albicans

A

white scar tissue formed from the CL if the oocyte is not fertilized within 10-12 days after ovulation

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23
Q

cleavage stages in embryogenesis

A

the zygote divides by mitosis, and the divisions increase the number of cells in the pre-embryo, but its size remains the same. Each division yields smaller and smaller cells (blastomeres)

by the 4th day, the cluster of cells resembles a mulberry and is called a morula (16 cells). It is still surrounded by the zona pellucida and is still the size of the zygote

On days 4-5, the morula enters the uterine cavity and is nourished by uterine milk, a glycogen-rich secretion from endometrial glands

At the 32-cell stage, the fluid now inside the morula rearranges the blastomeres into a large, fluid-filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). The mass is now called a blastocyst (still the same size as the original zygote

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24
Q

blastocyst

A

the multicellular structure that forms as the zygote divides by mitosis

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25
gastrulation
associated with rearrangement and migration of cells from epiblast; during this process, forms the 3 primary germ layers (the basic cellular structures from which all body tissues develop) out of the blastocyst cells
26
3 primary germ layers of the blastocyst
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
27
organogenesis
the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism
28
blastomeres
the smaller and smaller cells created from the zygote's initial mitotic divisions/cleavages
29
morula
the 16 cell cluster, which resembles a mulberry, that is comprised of blastomeres created during zygomatic mitosis/cleavage while still maintaining the same size as the initial zygote occurs on the 4th day after fertilization surrounded by the zona pellucidia
30
zona pellucida
surrounds the morula
31
uterine milk
a glycogen-rich secretion from endometrial glands which nourishes the morula as it reaches the uterine cavity on day 4-5
32
blastocoel
the large fluid-filled cavity within a blastocyst which is created when the blastomeres are rearranged at the 32 cell stage
33
two cell populations that arise when the blastocyst is formed
embryoblast (inner cell mass) trophoblast (outer cell mass)
34
embryoblast
the inner cell mass of the blastocyst which will develop into the embryo [the embryo comes from within the blast(ocyst)]
35
trophoblast
the outer cell mass of the blastocyst which will will develop into the outer chorionic sac surrounding the fetus, and the fetal portion of the placenta
36
implantation steps
blastocyst implants at ~ 6 days syncytiotrophoblast expands quickly by producing enzymes that erode maternal tissues, enabling the blastocyst to “burrow” into the endometrium at ~7 days, a layer of cells, the hypoblast, appears on the surface of the embryoblast the amnion forms from the roof of the amniotic cavity. Eventually, it surrounds the entire embryo and fills with amniotic fluid.
37
decidua
what the endometrium is called after implantation separates from the endometrium after the fetus is delivered has different regions named based on their positions relative to the site of the implanted blastocyst
38
decidua basalis
39
decidua capsularis
40
decidua parietalis
41
bilaminar embryonic disc
composed of epiblast and hypoblast, this is what the embryoblast turns into shortly after implantation gives rise to the germ layers that form all the tissues and organs of the embryo
42
Extraembryonic structures that form during the second week
amniotic cavity amnion umbilical vesicle connecting stalk chorionic sac.
43
exocoelomic membrane
forms on the 8th day together with the hypoblast cells, lines the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)
44
umbilical vesicle
Yolk sac The term umbilical vesicle is preferred because the yolk sac does not contain yolk in humans
45
lacunae
small spaces that form within the syncytiotrophoblast on the 9th day
46
lacunar networks
form by the 12th day out of fused lacunae become filled with a mixture of maternal blood from ruptured endometrial capillaries and cellular debris from eroded uterine glands nutrients from lacunae pass to the embryonic disc by diffusion and they provide nutrition to the embryo
47
extraembryonic mesoderm (EEM)
develops about 12 days after fertilization these cells form a connective tissue layer around the amnion and the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)
48
extraembryonic coelom (EEC)
coelomic spaces that appear within the EEM (extraembryonic membrane) and fuse to form this large fluid-filled cavity splits the EEM into two layers: Somatic EEM, lining the cytotrophoblast and covering the amnion Splanchnic EEM, surrounding the umbilical vesicle
49
somatic EEM
lines the cytotrophoblast and covers the amnion
50
splanchnic EEM function
surrounds the umbilical vesicle slide 18
51
chorion
forms the wall of the chorionic sac composed of the somatic EEM and the two layers of trophoblast
52
chorionic sac
the embryo, amniotic sac, and umbilical vesicle are suspended in this sac by the connecting stalk
53
connecting stalk
suspends the embryo, amniotic sac, and umbilical vesicle in the chorionic sac
54
primary chorionic villi
appear towards the end of the 2nd week
55
ectopic pregnancies
when blastocyst implantation occurs outside the uterus, with 95% to 98% of which occur in uterine tubes - resulting in tubal rupture and hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity followed by the death of the embryo and a threat to the mother's life
56
abdominal implantation
when implantations in ampulla or fimbriae are expelled into peritoneal cavity and implant in rectouterine pouch
57
cervical implantations
unusual; the placenta may become firmly attached to fibromuscular tissues of the cervix resulting in bleeding, which may require surgical intervention such as hysterectomy
58
heterotopic pregnancies
simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies; unusual but incidence is higher in women treated with ovulation induction drugs as part of ART
59
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer steps
1) hormanal stimulation of mature oocyte formation, resulting in several mature follicles 2) collection of oocytes from follicles with aspirator during laparoscopy 3) placement of oocytes in Petri dish with capcitated sperms; IVF of oocytes 4) cleavage of zygotes in culture medium until four- to eight-cell stages are reached 5) transfer of one or two cleaving embryos into uterine cavity by way of catheter inserted through the vagina and cervical canal
60
risks of IVF
several studies have reported an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, and a higher incidence of birth defects, including embryonal tumors and gene mutations, in children conceived as a result of assisted reproductive technologies.
61
abortion
a premature stoppage of development and expulsion of a conceptus from the uterus, or, expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is capable of living outside the uterus
62
abortus
any product (or all products) of an abortion
63
threatened abortion
bleeding with possibility of abortion, is a complication in ~25% pregnancies
64
spontaneous abortion
miscarriage; occurs naturally before 20th week of gestation
65
habitual abortion
spontaneous expulsion of a dead or nonviable embryo or fetus in ≥ 3 consecutive pregnancies
66
induced abortion
a birth that is medically induced before 20 weeks (before the fetus is viable)
67
complete abortion
one in which all products of conception (embryo and its membranes) are expelled from uterus
68
missed abortion
the retention of a conceptus in the uterus after its death
69
third week of developments
appearance of primitive streak development of notochord differentiation of three germ layers (aka gastrulation) coincides with the week after the first missed menstrual period, that is, 5 weeks after the first day of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP)
70
gastrulation steps
1) formation of the primitive streak on the surface of epiblast 2) appearance of the primitive streak (in the dorsal and caudal parts of the embryo) which establishes the head and tail ends and dorsal and ventral surfaces of the embryo 3) cells of the epiblast move inward below the primitive streak, and displace the hypoblast, forming embryonic endoderm in the roof of the umbilical vesicle 4) the cells remaining in the epiblast form the embryonic ectoderm 5) the three germ layers form
71
primitive streak
forms in the dorsal and caudal parts of the embryo and establishes the head and tail ends, as well as the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the embryo normally active until early 4th week but then becomes smaller and resides as an insignificant structure in the sacrococcygeal region. It should degenerate and disappear by the end of the 4th week slide 23-26
72
3rd week of embryonic development
. first major development is gastrulation; the two-layered embryonic disc transforms into a tri-laminar (three-layered) embryonic disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
73
ectoderm
formed from cells that remain in the epiblast goes on to become skin, CNS, PNS, eyes, internal ear, neural crest cells (bones and connective tissue of the face and part of the skull, part of the PNS)
74
mesoderm
formed from cells that migrate in through the primitive streak to form the middle germ layer, including the prechordal plate and notochord goes on to form bones, connective tissue, urogenital system, cardiovascular system
75
endoderm
formed by cells migrating through the streak and displacing the hypoblast cells goes on to form the gut and gut derivatives (liver, pancreas, lungs, etc.)
76
sacrococcygeal teratoma
the most common tumor in neonates, with most tumors are benign (nonmalignant) and are usually surgically excised promptly arises from remnants of the primitive streak, which is normally active until early 4th week but then becomes smaller and resides as an insignificant structure in the sacrococcygeal region amd should degenerate and disappear by the end of the 4th week most affected infants (80%) are female. A presacral teratoma may cause intestinal (bowel) or urinary obstruction
77
notochordal process
a median cellular cord which is formed by some mesenchymal cells that migrate through the primitive streak (elongates from the primitive pit) grows cranially between the ectoderm and endoderm until it reaches the prechordal plate (future site of the oral cavity), before infolding to become the notochord
78
notochordal canal
a lumen within the notochordal process, which forms when the primitive pit extends into the notochordal process
79
prechordal plate
future site of the oral cavity
80
cloacal membrane
future site of the anus; caudal to the primitive streak
81
notochord functions
defines the longitudinal axis of embryo and gives it some rigidity provides signals necessary for development of axial musculoskeletal structures and the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the intervertebral discs
82
notochordal plate cells proliferate and undergo infolding, which creates the notochord.
this flattened, grooved plate is formed from the remains of the notochordal process after openings in the floor appear, which become confluent, and the floor of the canal disappears the plate cells proliferate and undergo infolding, which creates the notochord
83
notochord formation
forms along the longitudinal axis as notochordal plate cells proliferate and undergo infolding the notochord becomes detached from the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle, the latter once again becoming a continuous layer slides 27-29
84
chordomas
both benign and malignant tumors (chordomas) may form from vestigial remnants of notochordal tissue about 1/3 of chordomas occur at the base of the cranium and extend to the nasopharynx chordomas grow slowly, and malignant forms infiltrate the adjacent bone
85
allantois
appears on ~day 16 persists as a stalk, the urachus, which extends from bladder to umbilical region (urachus becomes median umbilical ligament in adults) allantoic cysts form out of the remnants of the allantois
86
allantoic cysts
remnants of the allantois, usually found between the fetal umbilical vessels and are often detected near umbilical cord’s attachment to the anterior abdominal wall generally asymptomatic until childhood or adolescence, when they may become infected and inflamed
87
urachus
remnant of the allantois extends from bladder to umbilical region, and it becomes median umbilical ligament in adults
88
gestational age
date of the pregnancy from LNMP
89
embryonic age
date of pregnancy from fertilization; determined through US ~ 2 weeks after the LNMP, in the middle of the menstrual cycle
90
comparison of gestational time
days weeks calendar months lunar months gestational age 280 38 8.75 9.5 embryonic age 266 40 9.25 10
91
Nagele's rule
common delivery date rule for estimating the expected delivery date, by counting 3 months back from the first day of the LNMP and add a year and seven days
92
notochord fate
the notochord extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the primitive node, and eventually it degenerates as the bodies of the vertebrae form, but small portions of it persist as the nucleus pulposus of each intervertebral disc

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