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VCE Psychology 1/2 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Adaptive behaviours

A

activity that enhances an individual’s ability to match the changing demands of their everyday life p. 244

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2
Q

Adolescence

A

the developmental period beginning after the onset of puberty from approximately 10 to 19 years old p. 136

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema p. 206

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4
Q

Attachment

A

a long-lasting emotional bond between two individuals p. 183

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5
Q

Attachment theory

A

a theory that suggests that the bond formed between children and their primary caregivers determines the nature of the child’s emotional development into adulthood p. 183

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6
Q

Concrete thinking

A

a type of thought based on knowledge acquired through personal experience which involves literal interpretations of tangible concepts p. 216

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7
Q

Conservation

A

the ability to understand that the properties of an object stay the same even when the object’s appearance is altered p. 215

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8
Q

Critical periods

A

the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific skill or function must be learnt p. 177

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9
Q

Difficult temperament

A

a relatively stable disposition in which infants are unhappy and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns p. 188

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10
Q

Disorganised attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant displays problematic and unpredictable behaviours, usually due to extremely negative early life experiences p. 199

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11
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

twins who are not identical due to variations in the genes they inherited p. 168

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12
Q

Easy temperament

A

a relatively stable disposition in which infants are warm and friendly and have established sleeping and eating patterns p. 188

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13
Q

Egocentrism

A

the inability to understand the perspectives of others p. 214

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14
Q

Emotional development

A

the continuous, life-long development of skills which allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way p. 185

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15
Q

Environmental factors

A

factors which influence development that arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings p. 164

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16
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

A

a theory of development proposed by Erikson in which the behaviour and personality of individuals is shaped by the desire to meet social and cultural expectations p. 225

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17
Q

Frontal lobe development

A

the growth and neural maturation of the frontal lobe p. 137

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18
Q

Genetics

A

the unique, cellular makeup of each individual which is inherited from biological parents p. 187

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19
Q

Goal-directed behaviour

A

the ability to behave in a way which meets the demands of a goal that has been purposefully set out p. 213

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20
Q

Hereditary factors

A

factors which influence development that are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring p. 164

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21
Q

Infancy

A

the developmental period from birth until one years old p. 136

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22
Q

Insecure-anxious attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant may be reluctant to or avoid contact from their primary caregiver, usually formed due to a lack of responsiveness to their needs p. 198

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23
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs p. 198

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24
Q

Maturation

A

the biologically programmed changes which facilitate development from conception through to adulthood p. 175

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25
Monozygotic twins
twins who are identical due to inheriting the exact same genes p. 168
26
Nature versus nurture debate
a debate which questions whether development is dependent on hereditary (nature) or environmental (nurture) factors p. 163
27
Object permanence
the understanding that an object still exists when it is unable to be seen, heard, or touched p. 213
28
Psychological development
an individual’s changes across multiple domains, including the life-long growth across emotional, cognitive and social domains p. 163
29
Reversibility
the understanding that objects can experience change and then return to their original form p. 214
30
Schema
a mental representation of a concept developed through experience p. 206
31
Secure attachment
a style of attachment formed by a strong emotional bond between the infant and their primary caregiver due to the caregiver consistently meeting the needs of the infant p. 198
32
Sensitive periods
the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt p. 177
33
Symbolic thinking
a more sophisticated type of thought based on the ability to represent concepts, draw conclusions, and understand hypothetical constructs p. 216
34
Temperament
the relatively stable disposition of an individual, including the typical behaviours and emotions they express p. 188
35
Accomodation
in Piaget’s theory, changing a | pre-existing mental idea to fit new information
36
Adaptation
in Piaget’s theory, taking in, processing, organising and using new information in ways to adjust to change
37
Addiction
a condition in which someone feels a recurring urge to use a substance or engage in an activity despite potentially harmful consequences
38
Adoption Study
research using children who have been adopted (and therefore have no genetic similarity to their adoptive parents); compare with twins study
39
Animism
in Piaget’s theory, the belief that everything | which exists has some kind of consciousness
40
Anxiety
a state of arousal involving unpleasant feelings of apprehension or uneasiness that something is wrong or something bad is about to happen
41
Anxiety Disorder
a mental disorder characterised by persistent feelings of tension, distress, nervousness and apprehension or fear about the future, with a negative effect
42
Atypical behaviour
when the individual acts in ways that are unusual for them; compare with typical behaviour
43
Atypical development
development that differs in a significant way from what is usual or appropriate; compare with typical development
44
Autonomy
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of being able to act independently and the feelings of self-control, self-confidence, self-reliance and competence which accompany this
45
Biopsychosocial Model
a way of describing and explaining how biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence an individual’s behaviour and mental processes; sometimes called the biopsychosocial approach or theory
46
Catastrophic thinking
negative thinking in which an object or situation is perceived as being far more threatening, dangerous or insufferable than it really is and will result in the worst possible outcome
47
Centration
in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability to focus on only one quality or feature of an object or event at a time
48
Classification
in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability to organise objects or events into categories based on common features that set them apart from other categories
49
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
a ‘talking therapy’ based on the assumption that the way people feel and behave is largely a product of the way they think
50
Cognitive distortion
an inaccurate thought, belief | or attitude
51
Delusion
a fixed, false belief that is held with absolute certainty, even when there is strong factual evidence that does not support it
52
Depression
lasting and continuous, deeply sad mood | or loss of pleasure
53
Despair
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense that | their life has been meaningless and empty
54
Dopamine reward system
a neural pathway in the brain | that, when stimulated, results in pleasurable effects
55
Doubt
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s lack of belief in their capabilities to do something well, to control themselves and the world in which they live
56
Generativity
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s concern with others beyond their immediate family, specifically, future generations, and the nature of the society and world in which those generations will live
57
Guilt
in Erikson’s theory, a negative feeling formed by an individual when something they have done or want to do is considered ‘wrong’
58
Hallucination
a perceptual experience during which the individual sees, hears, feels, tastes or smells something that is not actually present in reality
59
Idealistic thinking
in Piaget’s theory, comparing oneself and others to a perfect standard and striving towards being like that ideal
60
Identity
in Erikson’s theory, the overall image an | individual has of themself
61
Industry
in Erikson’s theory, the sense of being busy, | productive and a competent worker
62
Inferiority
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s feelings of being less adequate than others in their achievements, skills and abilities
63
Initiative
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s ability to plan, think for themself and carry out various kinds of activities with purpose
64
Integrity
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of satisfaction with their achievements in life and a belief that the experiences and events in one’s life have been useful, valuable, meaningful and worthwhile
65
Intimacy
in Erikson’s theory, the ability to share with and care about another person without fear of losing oneself in the process
66
Isolation
in Erikson’s theory, the sense of being | alone without anyone to share one’s life with or care for
67
Mania
an elevated mood involving intense elation | or irritability
68
Mental disorder
a mental health state that involves a combination of thoughts, feelings and/or behaviours which impair the ability to function effectively in everyday life; also called psychological disorder or mental illness
69
Mental health
a state of wellbeing in which an individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community
70
Mental health problem
a mental health concern that interferes with functioning but is usually less severe and of a shorter duration than a mental health disorder
71
Mentally healthy
being in a generally positive state of mental wellbeing, having the ability to cope with and manage life’s challenges, working productively, striving to fulfil one’s goals and potential, and having a sense of connection to others and the community in general
72
Mistrust
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of the world as unreliable and unpredictable, which makes them anxious, insecure, fearful and suspicious
73
Mood disorder
a mental disorder involving a disabling disturbance in emotional state, from the extreme sadness of depression to the extreme elation of mania
74
Negative symptom
a symptom of a psychotic disorder that is characterised by the absence or elimination of certain thoughts, feelings or behaviours
75
Perpetuating risk factor
in the 4P Factor model, a risk factor that maintains or prolongs the occurrence of a specific mental disorder
76
Phobia
excessive, persistent and unreasonable fear of | an object or situation
77
Positive symptom
a symptom of a psychotic disorder that occurs in addition to how the individual usually thinks, feels or behaves
78
Precipitating risk factor
in the 4P Factor model, a risk factor that increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of specific mental disorder
79
Predisposing risk factor
in the 4P Factor model, a risk factor that increases susceptibility to or vulnerability to developing a mental disorder
80
Pre-operational stage
the second stage in Piaget’s theory (2–7 years) when children become increasingly able to mentally represent objects and experiences
81
principle of readiness
in developmental psychology, inability to perform a behaviour development on maturation until the necessary bodily structures are sufficiently developed
82
Protective factor
in the 4P Factor model, enhances and safeguards mental health, and reduces the likelihood that a mental disorder will develop or re-occur; compare with risk factor
83
psychosocial crisis
in Erikson’s theory, a social dilemma or problem an individual faces in adjusting to society involving a struggle between two opposing
84
psychosocial development
in Erikson’s theory, change involving both psychological processes taking place within the individual (‘psycho’) and their experiences with other people (‘social’)
85
Reversibility
in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability to mentally follow a sequence of events or line of reasoning back to its starting point
86
risk factor
in the 4P Factor model, increases the likelihood that a mental disorder will develop, or increase in severity or duration when it occurs, or will hinder recovery from a disorder; compare with protective factor
87
Role confusion
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of not knowing who they are, where they belong, to whom they belong or where they are headed in life
88
Sensorimotor Stage
the first stage in Piaget’s theory (0–2 years), when infants explore and learn about the world primarily through their senses and motor activities
89
Shame
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of | humiliation and embarrassment
90
Stagnation
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of feeling bored, inactive, overly concerned with their own personal needs and comforts and their lack of personal growth
91
symbolic thinking
in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects that are not physically present
92
Trust
in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of the | world as a safe, caring, orderly and predictable place
93
two-hit hypothesis
an explanation of schizophrenia in terms of two events — genetic vulnerability and environmental stress — that must occur in that order
94
typical behaviour
when an individual’s behaviour occurs as it usually does at most times; compare with atypical behaviour
95
typical development
when development proceeds as is usual or appropriate when compared with others of the same age, sex or culture; compare with atypical development

VCE Psychology 1/2 (5 decks)

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