Development Flashcards
(95 cards)
Adaptive behaviours
activity that enhances an individual’s ability to match the changing demands of their everyday life p. 244
Adolescence
the developmental period beginning after the onset of puberty from approximately 10 to 19 years old p. 136
Assimilation
the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema p. 206
Attachment
a long-lasting emotional bond between two individuals p. 183
Attachment theory
a theory that suggests that the bond formed between children and their primary caregivers determines the nature of the child’s emotional development into adulthood p. 183
Concrete thinking
a type of thought based on knowledge acquired through personal experience which involves literal interpretations of tangible concepts p. 216
Conservation
the ability to understand that the properties of an object stay the same even when the object’s appearance is altered p. 215
Critical periods
the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific skill or function must be learnt p. 177
Difficult temperament
a relatively stable disposition in which infants are unhappy and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns p. 188
Disorganised attachment
a style of attachment in which the infant displays problematic and unpredictable behaviours, usually due to extremely negative early life experiences p. 199
Dizygotic twins
twins who are not identical due to variations in the genes they inherited p. 168
Easy temperament
a relatively stable disposition in which infants are warm and friendly and have established sleeping and eating patterns p. 188
Egocentrism
the inability to understand the perspectives of others p. 214
Emotional development
the continuous, life-long development of skills which allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way p. 185
Environmental factors
factors which influence development that arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings p. 164
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development
a theory of development proposed by Erikson in which the behaviour and personality of individuals is shaped by the desire to meet social and cultural expectations p. 225
Frontal lobe development
the growth and neural maturation of the frontal lobe p. 137
Genetics
the unique, cellular makeup of each individual which is inherited from biological parents p. 187
Goal-directed behaviour
the ability to behave in a way which meets the demands of a goal that has been purposefully set out p. 213
Hereditary factors
factors which influence development that are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring p. 164
Infancy
the developmental period from birth until one years old p. 136
Insecure-anxious attachment
a style of attachment in which the infant may be reluctant to or avoid contact from their primary caregiver, usually formed due to a lack of responsiveness to their needs p. 198
Insecure-avoidant attachment
a style of attachment in which the infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs p. 198
Maturation
the biologically programmed changes which facilitate development from conception through to adulthood p. 175