Development

Question 1

what are the causes of delayed motor development

Answer 1

familial
environmental
central
motor
special senses
general disorders

Question 2

what are the environmental causes of motor delayed development

Answer 2

emotional deprivation
lack of opportunity to practice
malnutrition

Question 4

what are the motor output causes of delayed motor development

Answer 4

spinal cord- spasticity and weakness
nerve- weakness spinal muscle atrophy
muscles- weakness muscular dystrophies, myopathies
structural- mechanical talipes CDH

Question 5

what is the hearing test for a neonate

Answer 5

auditory response cradle
auditory brain stem evoked potentials

Question 6

what is the hearing test for children between 6 to 18 months

Answer 6

distraction testing

Question 7

what are the hearing test for 24-30 month old

Answer 7

performance testing

Question 8

what is the hearing test used for 18-30 months

Answer 8

cooperative testing

Question 9

what hearing test is used in 2-4 year old

Answer 9

speech discrimination testing

Question 10

what hearing test can be used in children older than 4

Answer 10

pure tone audiometry

Question 11

at any age what confirmatory tests can be used for hearing

Answer 11

oto-acoustic emissions
tympanometry

Question 12

what causes delayed motor development- special senses

Answer 12

impair with perception of the environment- visual impairment

Question 13

what general disorders are linked with delayed motor development

Answer 13

hypotonia
-hypothyroidism
-chronic hypoxia
connective tissue disorders

Question 14

what causes delay in speech development

Answer 14

familial
environmental
special senses
central
twinning own language

Question 15

what are the environmental causes of delayed speech or abnormal language development

Answer 15

emotional deprivation
pacity of spoken language at home

Question 16

what are the causes of delayed speech- special sense

Answer 16

hearing impairment

Question 17

what are the causes of delayed speech- central

Answer 17

global learning difficulties
autism
cerebral palsy
dysphasia

Question 18

what are the causes of delayed sphincter control

Answer 18

familial
learning difficulties
environmental
physical

Question 19

what are the causes of delayed sphincter control- physical

Answer 19

meningomyelocele
uterocele
ectopic ureter (female)
urethral valves (male)

Question 20

which children are at risk of deafness

Answer 20

history of meningitis
encephalitis
cleft palate
history of recurrent otitis media
delayed or unclear speech
cerebral palsy
parental suspicion of deafness

Question 21

what are the causes of hearing loss

Answer 21

sensorineural
hereditary
congenital
perinatal
acquired
conductive

Question 22

what are the hereditary causes of hearing loss

Answer 22

ushers syndrome- retinitis pigmentosis also leads to sight loss
pendred syndrome
jervell lange neilson syndrome
warden burg syndrome
stickler syndrome
Pierre robin anomaly

Question 23

what are the congenital causes of hearing loss

Answer 23

charge syndrome
congenital infection- CMV, rubella

Question 24

what are perinatal causes of hearing loss

Answer 24

prematurity
birth asphyxia
Ototoxic drugs
hyperbilirubinemia
cerebral palsy

Question 25

what are the acquired causes of hearing loss

Answer 25

meningitis and encaphlitis mumps head injury

Question 26

what are the conductive causes of hearing loss

Answer 26

Down syndrome- middle ear abnormalities teacher collins syndrome goldenhar syndrome secretory otis media wax

Question 27

what are the causes of visual defect

Answer 27

general congenital perinatal

Question 28

what are the general factor for visual defect

Answer 28

behavioural problems family history of blindness, squint, or amblyopia

Question 29

what are the congenital causes of visual defects

Answer 29

congenital rubella infection craniostenosis

Question 30

what are the perinatal causes of visual defect

Answer 30

prematurity severe pre-eclampsia hydrocephalus cerebral palsy ophthalmia neonatorum

Question 31

what are the causes of blindness

Answer 31

optic atrophy congenital cataracts choroidoretinal degeneration malformation of the eye retrolental fibroplasia myopia albinism retinoblastoma uveitis

Question 32

what are the causes of non-paralytic (concomitant) squint

Answer 32

refractive error - hypermetropia failure to develop binocular vision eye disease: cataracts, retinoblastoma, corneal scarring, retinopathy of prematurity

Question 33

what are the causes of a pseudo squint

Answer 33

marked epicentral folds small or large inter pupillary distance facial symmetry

Question 34

what is heterophoria

Answer 34

it is also known as a latent squint it is due to extrocular muscles imbalance creating potential deviation.

Question 35

what is the purpose of screening for squints

Answer 35

detect refractive problems, diagnose underlying eye disease, and prevent amblyopia (the supression of vision in a structurally and functionally normal eyes)

Question 36

what can visual impairment in children can be divided as follows:

Answer 36

cataract optic nerve pathology retinal pathology trauma albinism glaucoma nystagmus delayed visual maturation cherry red macular degeneration

Question 37

what is visual loss accompanied by before ether age of 2

Answer 37

roving eye movements persistent hand regard lack of blink reflex nystagmus

Question 38

what are the three main causes of congenital cataract

Answer 38

familial infection (rubella syphilis) associated with prematurity

Question 39

what are the causes of optic atrophy

Answer 39

associated with CP septa-optic dysplasia intracranial tumours and hydrocephalus levers hereditary optic atrophy

Question 40

what does congenital glaucoma present with

Answer 40

globe enlargement clouding of the cornea photophobia