Development Flashcards
Development
what theories are associated with it
age related changes that occur as individual progress form conception to death
- predictable sequence theory and life-history thoery
what can be stated in parental and childhood development
- brain development
- cagnitive development
- moral development
- attachment
explain life-history theory
lifehistory - somatic effort,reproductive effprt
reproductive effort - mating effort (men invest more), parenting effort (women invest more)
what is pllasticity:
brain’s ability to hchange structure and function
changes in structure for infant brain development
number of dendrites and connections increases dramatically following birth, 2 years: 1500 synapses/nuerone; twice as many as adults
changes inn function in infant brain development
newborns: high activity in thalamus
highly dependent on reflex
2-3 months: increased acivity in cortex
8-9 months: increased activity in frontal cortex
what is synaptic pruning, when peaked
unused synapses are eliminated:
- conections peak between 6-7 years
what is nuerogenesis
where humans produce new cells
where new cells migrate and what they form
creations of new nuerons
- humans produce new cells in olfactory bulb and hippocampus
- newcells migrate to other regions of the brain and form connections with existing cells
- associated with learning?
white mater:
and growth
myelinated nuerons facilittate communication between regions
growth increases between childood and puberty, then slows:
grey matter
synaptic overproduction
- information processisng
- second round of synaptic overproduction and pruning decreases volume
prefrontal cortex:
chnages most pronounced and continue until mid-20s
high level cognitive functioning (planning, organization).
strenghten connection to limbic system: impulsive and subject to peer pressure. emotional decision
what was jean paiget (1896-1980): what they do
I.Q.Test, childhood thought processes leading to incorect awnsers on I.Q test
four stage model of cognitive development
Assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures
accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
innate reflexes dominated at what age
birth tp age 2
- coordination between sensory input and otor actions
- symbolic thought begins to develop
what is object performance
talk age for permanence
recognition that objects continue to exist in the absence of sensory stimulation (pikaboo)
-4 months: no performanence
-4-8 months: partial permanence
-18 months: permanence mastered
what age for development of symbolic thought continues
2-7
connservation/
awareness tha physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearance
chareccteristics of preoperatational thought
centration: focus on one feature of a problem
irreversibility: inabiility to envision reversing an action
egocentrism: inability o share another’s veiwpoint
animism: belief that all things are living
what age and things performed on tangible objects
7-11
reversibility
decentration
decline in egocentrism
conservation of liquid, mass, number, area, and lenghth
hierarchical classification: problems that require two levels of classification
can’t think abstractly
when does formal operational period and what it mean
evaluating paiget’s thoery
begeining at 11 years; applies operation to abstract concepts (justice, love, frww-will).
Further development reflect change in degree.
- More systematic in problem-solving, kless trial and errorr
evaluating paiget’s thoery:
- sequence of stages is constant, timetable variable
- doesn’t account for individual differences
- evidence of mixing elements of different stages
what is habituation-dishabituation paradigmL and what it under
under cognitive developement
habituation-dishabituation paradigm:
- Habituation: infant looses intrest in stimulus presented repeatedly (heart-rate; respiration; looking time).
- ## dishabituation: new stimulus elicts interest from infant
what are some typical things that 4 month olds understand
- add and subtract small numbers
- objects are distinct entities
- objects move in continous paths
- solid objects cannot pass through each other
objects cannot pass through openings smaller in size - objects on slopes roll down
when does the theory of mind develop `
4 years
morality
under moral reasoning
morality: ability to discern right from wronf and to behave accordingly
Moral judgement,
under moral reasononing
Moral judgements: how good or bad is an action?
