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Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

The continuous process that an individual changes from one life phase to another

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2
Q

Reproduction

A

The biological process that a living organism produces an offspring

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3
Q

Human reproduction

A
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4
Q
  1. Gamete synthesis
A

The formation(creation) of reproductive cells called gametes for sexual reproduction

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5
Q

Gametes

A
  • sex cells
  • oocytes(eggs,female)
  • sperms(male)
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6
Q
  1. Copulation(sex)
A

The process of bringing the gametes from the male and female together

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7
Q
  1. Fertilization(also known as conception)
A

The combination of gametes to form a zygote

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8
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg with sperms attached

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9
Q

Meiosis

A
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10
Q

Meiosis

A

Has 2 consecutive nuclear divisions

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11
Q

Unique features of meiosis and where they’re found

A
  • Introduces genetic variability, in mutations
  • Reduces the chromosomal number by half, in reproductive cells
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12
Q

Unique features of meiosis and where they’re found

A
  • Introduces genetic variability, in mutations
  • Reduces the chromosomal number by half, in reproductive cells
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13
Q

Prophase I

A

Duplicated homolgulus(same) chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad. In a process called synapsis

Synapsis: the arms of non-sister chromatids trade segments of DNA by crossing over at a site called called charisma, allowing the maternal and paternal chromosomes to exchange genetic materials

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14
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs
  • the maternal or paternal homogulous pairs are given a side of the metaphase plate
  • called indepteknt assortment
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15
Q

At the end of Meisosi 1, egacy daughter cells has

A
  • one memeber of the homologous chromosomes
  • half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell
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16
Q

Meisosis 2

A

2 daughter cells further seperate to create 4 genetically unique gametes

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17
Q

Location and timing of Fertilixation

A

Typical location: in the uterine tube
Timing: within a day from when the oocyte releases from the ovary

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18
Q

In humans

A

Only 1 sperm will get through to penetrating the oocytes called monispermy

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19
Q

Major mechanisms of monospermy

A

The oocyte membrane block(fast block): binding of the first sperm activates Na+ channels and demolishes egg plasma membrane to prevent more sperms from binding
The cortical reaction(slow block): Ca2+ releases from the smooth ER to fascinate the exocytosis of cortical granules(to sperms can penetrate) to harden the oocyte membrane to make it impenetrable

20
Q

True or False
The gestation period, (pregnancy), starts with fertilization and ends with birth

A

False; The gestation period starts from the last menstruation period(a period) and ends with birth
Fertilization would occur when the mother is already 2 weeks pregnant

21
Q

True or False
The gestation period, (pregnancy), starts with fertilization and ends with birth

A

False; The gestation period starts from the last menstruation period(a period) and ends with birth
Fertilization would occur when the mother is already 2 weeks pregnant

22
Q

Prenatal development

A

Starts when the e zygote starts to divide

23
Q

The embryonic and Fetal periods

A

Embryonic period(0 to 8 weeks): begins with the zygote and the conceptua is called an embryo
Fetal period(9 weeks to birth): the concept is is called a fetus

24
Q

Sig events during the embryonic stage

A
  • cleavage
  • blastocyst
  • implantation.
25
How do cells divide during cleavage differ from typical mitotic cell divisions
There isn’t much time for growth between divioons as cells continue to grow without an increase in sizs
26
Cleavage
- The single cells zygote undergoes rapid cell division without increasing cytoplasm - each division is half the size of the previous one - there is a high surface area to volume ratio that helps to enhance the uptake of nutrients, oxygen and waste disposal
27
Cleavage
- The single cells zygote undergoes rapid cell division without increasing cytoplasm - each division is half the size of the previous one - there is a high surface area to volume ratio that helps to enhance the uptake of nutrients, oxygen and waste disposal
28
After a few days, the conceptua is reported to as an
Early blastocyst
29
The outer and inner shell of blastocyst
Outer: Triphoblast Inner cell cluster: Embryoblast or inner cell mass
30
Implantation
Endometrium: - once inside the uterus, blastocyst sticks, digests and burrows into the cell wall
31
Gastrulation
Inside the blastocyst, part of the Embryoblast starts to rearrange its cells - the start of the forming of embryo - provides a mechanism to develop a multileveled body plan starting with 3 primary germ layers
32
The 3 primary germ layers
Ectoderm(ecto: outer) Mesoderm(meso(soup): middle Endoderm(endo:within)
33
Organogenesis
Within each germ layer, cells continue to move and migrate, each forming different set of organs and organ systems
34
Ectoderm
Undergoes neuralation(the process of creating the nervous system) which leads to - neural tubes(brain and spinal cord - epudermis(skin layer) - hair - nails
35
Endoderm
Folds into a tube called the primitive guy( hollow cavity for digestive system) Which becomes digestive tract, the muscle lining of the respiratory tract and liver and pancreas, lungs
36
Mesoderm
Forms al ost everything else in the body - circulatory system Lungs Skeletal system Muscular system
37
The 4 extra embryonic membranes
38
Amnion
The fluid filled sac that surrounds and cushions the embryo/fetus and helps maintain a constant temp and forms on the dorsal(back) of the embryo
39
Yolk sac
A sac developed for the primitive gut as the primary nutrient source for the embryo before the umbilical cord forms And where the fetal blood forms
40
Allantois/Umbilical cord
- The structure that contains the veins and arteries and links the embryo to the placenta - allows for nutrients - becomes part of the urinary bladder
41
Allantois/Umbilical cord
- The structure that contains the veins and arteries and links the embryo to the placenta - allows for nutrients - becomes part of the urinary bladder
42
Chorion
- The outermost membrane that encloses the developing embryo and all other membranes - forms the fetal part of the placenta - surrounds the membrane and above terms
43
Placenta
Is a temporary organ that functions as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory and endocrine organ
44
Functions
Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the fetus through the umbilical vein, 1 umbilica vein Carbon dioxide and waste are removed from the fetus through the umbilical arteries, 2 umbilical arteries
45
Functions
Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the fetus through the umbilical vein, 1 umbilica vein Carbon dioxide and waste are removed from the fetus through the umbilical arteries, 2 umbilical arteries
46
What substances can cross the placenta and reach the fetus
Oxygen Alcohol Water Hiv typically can’t

Anatomy And Physicolgy (13 decks)

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