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development Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Impacts of uneven development within one named country

A

UK- Blackpool and Hart

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2
Q

development

A

the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare

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3
Q

death rate

A

the number of deaths per thousand per year of the population

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4
Q

affluence

A

the general level of prosperity of a nations population

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5
Q

demographic transition model

A

generalisation of how country’s change over time due to developed country’s experiences
less developed countries - high death rate, high birth rate
developing countries - lowering death rate, still high birth rate
emerging countries - death rate falls below birth rate, as that falls as well
developed countries - ageing population

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6
Q

dependency theory

A

theory that suggests low levels of development in poorer countries results from the control of global economy by rich countries

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7
Q

deprivation

A

when the standard of living falls below a minimum level

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8
Q

periphery

A

an area remote or isolated from the centre of a country, generally lagging in development and influence

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9
Q

quality of life

A

the degree of well-being and satisfaction felt by a person or a group of people

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10
Q

standard of living

A

the access people have to the essentials they need e.g. clean water, sanitation, nutritious food, education, medical care

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11
Q

trade barrier

A

a government imposed restraint on the international flow of goods and services, the most common form of barrier is a tariff or tax on imports

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12
Q

transnational corporation

A

a large company that operates in a number of countries and often involved in a variety of economic factors

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13
Q

types of international aid

A

humanitarian aid (emergency aid)
developmental aid: intergovernmental agreements (loans, grants, commodity aid), trade agreements

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14
Q

International aid - humanitarian aid

A

used to relieve in the short term, e.g. wars and hazards
usually grant aid
can be bilateral or multilateral

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15
Q

3 forms of humanitarian aid

A
  • food aid: food/ money to buy food. helpful if agricultural land has been destroyed
  • medical aid: medical aid/resources/ money to buy it. can be S&R responders, medical professionals or medicines
  • emergency aid: supplies/money for supplies e.g. tents, clothing, fuel, heating
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16
Q

international aid - intergovernmental aid

A

legally binding contracts between two or more governments aiming towards specific goals
can be organised by IGOs (UN, WHO, WTO)
loans - usually repayable over 20 years. can be tied to a specific purpose/ used to buy goods from the donor country
grants - can be given for a specific purpose. don’t need to be repaid. used to increase productivity/development
debt relief - countries can focus on development

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17
Q

bilateral aid

A

directly from 1 country to another

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18
Q

multilateral aid

A

from wealthy nations to international aid organisations to distribute

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19
Q

how can aid be distributed

A

through NGOs
multilaterally
bilaterally

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20
Q

international aid - trade agreements

A

aim to make trade easier between 2 countries
allows countries to make a profit and focus on development/investment like education and healthcare
cycle of development

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21
Q

advantages of international aid

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A
  • allows focus on development
  • can save lives
  • good for growth
  • increases QOL
22
Q

disadvantages of international aid

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A
  • no guarantee countries will spend money effectively
  • countries can become dependent
  • countries can struggle to repay loans
  • corruption and political pressure can prevent the effective spending of aid
  • not always appropriate and can actually harm people
  • often tied aid
  • trade agreements and trade barriers normally place developing countries at a disadvantage
23
Q

aid

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A

assistance given from one party to another to encourage development/ increase QOL/ respond to a disaster

24
Q

fair trade

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A

producers (typically in LICs) receive guaranteed fair prices regardless of the products market price
pros: higher QOL for workers; better future for children; increases reputation of companies; attractive to customers
cons: limit suppliers choice; products cost more

25
ways to measure development
death rate, birth rate, Gini index, GDP, GNI, HDI, index of corruption, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, literacy rate
26
birth rate
number of births a year per 1000 of a population
27
Gini index
measure of inequality used to measure the distribution of wealth among citizens, want a line in the middle of the graph, medium is best
28
GDP
gross domestic product the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year. per capita is more useful as it tracks national prosperity and development
29
GNI
gross national income the total value of goods and services produced in a country as well as income earned by foreign investments per year
30
HDI
life expectancy, GDP per capita, no. of years of education better at 1
31
index of corruption
judges countries on how corrupt they are based on researchers for Transparency international
32
infant mortality rate
the average number o deaths of infants 1 or under per 1000 births per year
33
life expectancy
average number of years a person might be expected to live
34
literacy rate
proportion of people who can read and write
35
factors affecting development
social, cultural, technological, resources, food and water security, economy, government
36
factors affecting development: social
levels of education - affects the skills people have, more educated = more developed healthcare - affects health of people and their ability to work lack of equality - overall productivity of a country decreases, unhappiness
37
factors affecting development: cultural
could cause inequality between genders and races could lead to bigger families/less education could cause tensions/conflicts that hold a country back from development cultural values like a hard working workforce can affect QOL and the economy of a country
38
factors affecting development: technological
can help to increase water, food and energy security mechanisation of farming increases productivity increased efficiency internet: supports business, improves access to education and healthcare better communication
39
factors affecting development: resources
physical: landlocked countries can find it harder to trade; smaller countries have less resources; extreme climates can hinder development; availability of natural resources some countries have all the natural resources they need so dont have to depend on other countries and create political ties security of water, food and energy is linked to development
40
factors affecting development: economy
supported by natural resources sectors better economy = more developed globalisation and TNC investment: allows foreign investment and a cycle of development creates jobs
41
factors affecting development: demographic
more developed countries have an ageing population - dependent population less manual labour
42
factors affecting development: government
political stability = more developed focus on current day issues shows development democratically elected governments corrupt governments dont invest in the development of a country and the QOL of the people governmental policies: - higher rates of saving and lower spending = more development - open economies with foreign investment encouraged = more development
43
factors leading to uneven development: physical
climate: - isolation or physical boundaries (mountains) can limit communication and transport links and separate populations - climate change can cause natural disasters and intensify problems, affects under developed countries the most - different extreme climates (deserts, rivers, mountains, swamps) hinders contact and trade - heat allows transmission of disease landlocked: - harder to trade, travel and communicate - harder to attract tourism natural hazards: - spreads diseases and viruses - constantly rebuilding, no time to focus on development
44
factors leading to uneven development: historic
colonialism: - slavery can affect population size and wealth - gatekeeping technology hinders progress - wealth/resources re-directed to other countries, so no profit - causes internal conflict - exploitation neo-colonialism: - debts to colonisers hinders progress war (civil): - people killed - little infrastructure/damage to housing - political instability so little money spent on development more on weapons
45
factors leading to uneven development: social
corruption: - money less likely to have positive effect and trickle down to those in need/under developed areas - more likely to be spent on military - lack of infrastructure - poor healthcare cultural values investment in education and healthcare
46
factors leading to uneven development: economic
unfair trade: - can't access materials - LICs compete and have to lower prices - poor harvests means less income - many LICs have little industry and are disadvantaged by trade agreements or tied grants natural resources: - gas/oil can be sold and trickle down to boost economy open economies and TNC investment
47
consequences of uneven development
more exploitation by TNCs relaxed environmental laws basic medical knowledge inequality high crime less influence globally political unrest
48
views on tackling the development gap: individuals
focus on local area, prefer bottom up recycling, solar panels improve local education individualistic don't trust government with money some inexperienced, don't know how
49
views on tackling the development gap: organisations
want money from governments targeted approach, but quite broad normally focused on one issue IGOs have a lot of power no political ties and can help during times of crisis like water or disaster some will want money so build business there
50
views on tackling the development gap: governments
could be corrupt want better infrastructure investments in various areas have political ties prefer top down aid and projects
51
top down
pros: - wide area of impact - bigger and more investment goes into them cons: - usually expensive - often involve borrowing money - locals don't have much say
52
bottom up
pros: - low cost - target areas in need - appropriate solutions - involve say from locals cons: - low cost - little investment - not large scale - focused area of impact

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