economic activity and energy Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
sector shift: Detroit
A
-secondary sector focused on cars, declined because of the out-sourcing of production to lower wage asian countries
2
Q
positive impacts of sector shift, Detroit: social
A
- more racial diversity
3
Q
positive impacts of sector shift, Detroit: environmental
A
- houses being taken back by nature
4
Q
positive impacts of sector shift, Detroit: economic
A
- none
5
Q
negative impacts of sector shift, Detroit: social
A
- 40% of street lights don’t work
- 1/3 of ambulances are running
- most police stations closed for 16 hours
- over 100 schools have closed
- lost 60% of its population
- white flight
- highest unemployment rate - 23.1%
- 18% of adults have a college degree
- dramatic plunge in property values
- houses average is 7,500
- 70,000 abandoned buildings
- highest crime rate in US
- segregation
6
Q
negative impacts of sector shift, Detroit: environmental
A
- 2/3s of the parks in Detroit are permanently closed
7
Q
negative impacts of sector shift, Detroit: economic
A
- population reduction causes reduction in tax base
8
Q
sector shift: China
A
shift from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors
low production costs
luxury items
9
Q
positive impacts of sector shift, China: social
A
- 96% secondary aged children enrolled in school
- gross enrolment rate for higher education is 60%
- annual expenditure per capita of urban private households on recreational services increased to 2637 yuan
- investment in technological school curriculum
10
Q
positive impacts of sector shift, China: environmental
A
- air quality has improved due to strict regulations
11
Q
positive impacts of sector shift, China: economic
A
- GDP per capita rose to $24,500 in 2023
- workers wages have increased by 30%
- worlds largest producers of photovoltaic power
12
Q
negative impacts of sector shift, China: social
A
- epidemic proportions of alcohol related hospital admissions
- consume twice as much meat as Americans
- only 59.7% of the population is registered in the household recognition system
13
Q
negative impacts of sector shift, China: environmental
A
- china burns 54% of the worlds coal
- CO2 emissions per capita over 9 tonnes
- 70% of global e-waste ends up in China
14
Q
negative impacts of sector shift, China: economic
A
- growth in the economy is slowing
- huge income inequality between richest and poorest
15
Q
causes of informal employment, Kolkata, India: economic development
A
- intensifies business and competition for certain spots
- lack of access to formal services such as loans can push businesses into the informal sector
- lack of education and limited job opportunities
- urban growth means a higher demand for services
- discrimination and marginalisation
16
Q
causes of informal employment, Kolkata, India: rural-urban migration
A
- lack of infrastructure to support influx of people
- lack of availability of jobs
- lack of housing - shanty towns
- lower wages
- lack of skills
- more people available for jobs
17
Q
advantages of informal employment, Kolkata, India: workers
A
- safety net for other jobs
- can still earn a living despite lack of education
- learn how to do skilled work
- main industry in local area
18
Q
advantages of informal employment, Kolkata, India: government
A
- good for economy
- provides employment
- cleans streets and provides motivation for safe and secure area
19
Q
disadvantages of informal employment, Kolkata, India: workers
A
- corrupt police make them pay
- intensive labour
- lack of regulations so unsafe and unhealthy conditions/jobs
- can go to jail for illegal industries
- earnings are precarious as price of gods fluctuate
- often taken advantage of for rent or products
- informal housing
20
Q
disadvantages of informal employment, Kolkata, Bangladesh: government
A
- dont receive taxes from these people
- tourists dont like it
- illegal things can happen
- corruption in police force
21
Q
energy resource management, China: energy change
A
why:
- country is expanding industrial base
- coal has environmental and human costs
how:
- used to have big emphasis on coal (68% in 2012)
- energy use rose 45% 2006-2013
- coal had a large impact so are now biggest importer of oil and trying to secure overseas supply
22
Q
energy resource management, China: energy issues
A
costs:
- environmental impact of reliance on coal (80% of CO2 pollution comes from coal)
- China worlds leading CO2 emitter\
- reliance on other countries as biggest importer
23
Q
energy resource management, China: strategies to increase sustainability
A
- 11th 5 year plan: main objectives to reduce energy use per unit GDP by 20% and ensure secure supply of energy
- development of nuclear energy
- building reserves holding 500 million barrels of oil for a 90 day reserve
24
Q
energy resource management, UK: energy change
A
why:
- changes in resource availability
- technological processes
- relative costs of energy sources
- consumer behaviour
- companies out-sourcing manufacturing
how:
- between 1990 and 2012, overall energy consumption down by 12%
- since 1970 energy consumption for homes decreased 12%, for industry decreased 60% and for transport increased 50%
- more reliance on renewable technology
- less consumption of coal, now less than 1/2
25
energy resource management, UK: energy issues
costs:
- energy sector important for UK
- reliance on other countries
- energy insecurity
- looming energy gap due to power stations being shut down
what:
- oil reserves in the North Sea depleted
- energy dependence at 48%
- energy production is falling
- imports a lot of gas and energy
26
energy resource management, UK: strategies to increase sustainability
- by 2020, 15% of energy should be renewable and a 30% improvement in efficiency should be seen
- high carbon tax on big companies
- investment in more renewable energy supplies
- offshore wind farms supply 500,000 homes a year
27
primary sector
economic activities concerned with the working of natural resources- agriculture, fishing, mining and quarrying
28
secondary sector
economic activities concerned with making things, like cars, buildings and electricity
29
tertiary sector
economic activities that provide a wide range of services and allow goods to be traded, like doctors, hair stylists, spas
30
quaternary
economic activities that provide highly skilled services such as collecting and processing information, research and development like consultants
31
economic sector
a major division of the economy based on the type of economic activity. the economies of all countries are made up of three sectors, most HICs have a fourth
32
energy efficiency
making the most of energy sources in order to cut down on waste and reduce consumption
33
energy gap
a gap created because the loss of energy caused by phasing out the use of fossil is greater than the amount of energy that is being developed from new, low carbon sources
34
high-tech industry
economic activities that rely on advanced scientific research and produce new, innovative and technologically advanced products such as microchips, new medical drugs and new materials
35
informal employment
types of work that are not officially recognised and are taken up by people working for themselves on the streets of LIC cities like shoe shiners
36
Clark fisher model
separated into pre-industrial, industrial and post industrial
pre industrial:
- primary sector dominates with steady increase to secondary and tertiary sectors
industrial:
- GDP and employment from the secondary sector increases to dominance then decreases
- primary sector decreases and tertiary increases
post industrial:
- primary and secondary decrease, tertiary and quaternary increase
- tertiary sector dominates employment
37
causes for changes in sectors
- increased mechanisation in agriculture decreases availability of jobs
- development
- increasing global changes lead to out-sourcing of production and decrease in secondary employment - deindustrialisation
- technological improvements increase tertiary and quaternary sectors
- people moving to cities to find better paying jobs (away from secondary and primary)
38
causes for changes in sectors: primary- depletion of raw materials
- raw material deposits deplete, forcing manufacturers to change location which is easy due to constant electrical supply and easy access
- becomes easier to just import raw materials
- at some point the materials will run out and the sector will die off naturally
39
causes for changes in sectors: primary and secondary- mechanisation
- mechanisation of agriculture and manufacture reduces their demand for labour (so demand for labour transitions to the secondary then tertiary sector)
- impacts transport as its easier to transport people and goods
- instantaneous communication
- creates new jobs and industries
- creates new products and services- wifi, network etc
40
causes for changes in sectors: secondary- globalisation
- development in communications/ transport means countries are more reliant on one another
- countries can target and develop personal economic strengths
- labour can be out-sourced
- tourism increases
41
causes for changes in sectors: tertiary- demographic changes
- growing populations increase demand for food, goods and services, boosting certain sectors
- more workers
- people have more disposable income
- changing in shopping habits
- better education
42
causes for changes in sectors: government policies
- variation of intervention in the economy (based on ideology, corruption and priorities)
- can expand or support certain sectors
- for example, could ban coal mining or the burning of fossil fuels
- can introduce labour laws like minimum wages or minimum working age
43
what two factors does rate of use of energy depend on
population size
rate of development
most energy resources are finite
44
carrying capacity
the maximum number of people an area's resources can sustain
45
underpopulation
population is too small to develop the resources properly
46
overpopulation
too many people or too little resources to ensure a high standard of living
47
population pressure
when population size is bigger than the carrying capacity
48
Malthus theory
- population growth is increasing at a rate faster than food supply
- a time will come when there's not enough food to sustain the population
- as a result population growth will halt due to a famine, war or disease
- incorrect as they came before technological developments
Neo-malthusians:
- we have used most available agricultural land and the amount of fertile land is in decline
- food prices and population are increasing
therefore carrying capacity is constant
49
Boserup theory
- population growth will stimulate developments in technology to increase food production
- more efficient resources will be discovered and used
- renewable resources will replace non-renewable
therefore carrying capacity increases with population
50
causes of increase in energy demand
- population growth and development
- higher demand for food leads to more intensive farming
- increasing industry requires energy
- increasing transport
- urbanisation requires domestic energy
- increased wealth means people buy more energy-requiring appliances and technology
- advances in technology
51
factors affecting energy consumption
- rapid industrialisation
- increasing awareness of environmental impacts
- increased standards of living
- governmental policies and restrictions
- higher vehicle use
- urbanisation
- energy intensive industries
- rise of middle class
- ability to transport energy
- incentives for energy conservation
- availability of resources
- geopolitics
52
gas
pros: efficient, least polluting fossil fuel, reliable, easy to transport
cons: releases CO2, risk of explosions, price fluctuates
53
oil
pros: efficient, reliable, easy to transport, less polluting than coal
cons: produces CO2, risk of explosions and spills, price fluctuates
54
coal
pros: cheaper, efficient, large reserves
cons: releases CO2 and SO2, air pollution, mining accidents
55
nuclear
pros: small amounts of uranium needed, no CO2 released, efficient, reliable
cons: nuclear waste expensive and hard to dispose of, risk of nuclear meltdown, power stations are expensive
56
hydroelectric
pros: controls flooding downstream, no greenhouse gases, low running cost
cons: visual pollution, large areas can be flooded, expensive to build and maintain
57
wave/tidal
pros: can produce large amounts of energy, reliable, no CO2 emissions
cons: few suitable sites, expensive to build and maintain, can affect marine ecosystem
58
wind
pros: no greenhouse gases, can be inland or offshore, cheap to run
cons: visual pollution, not reliable, noise pollution
59
solar panels
pros: can be put anywhere, no greenhouse gases, large or small scale
cons: visual pollution, unreliable, expensive
60
geothermal
pros: lots of potential sites, reliable, no CO2 pollution, can produce lots of energy
cons: high temps can cause machinery to break, expensive, emits sulphuric acid
61
biomass
pros: available in most locations, renewable energy source
cons: air pollution, produces greenhouse gases, expensive
62
sustainable energy management, domestic: education
education: education in school about sustainable living; education on effects of pollution on the environment
63
sustainable energy management, transport: conservation
conservation: car shares; encouraging electric cars; walk to school; cycle; taxes on cars; electric buses; encourage walking, running, cycling; pedestrian areas
64
sustainable energy management, industry: education
education: educate employees; publish reports on energy consumption and how to improve
65
sustainable energy management, domestic: efficiency
efficiency: use efficient light-bulbs; install time switches; put washing on eco-cycle; insulation; wear jumpers if it's cold; turn off heating; use less water
65
sustainable energy management, transport: efficiency
efficiency: use trains to connect parts of cities; public transport
65
sustainable energy management, domestic: conservation
conservation: glazed windows; pull out kitchen appliances; turn off plugs when not in use; low energy consumption; buy solar panels; turn lights off when leaving
66
sustainable energy management, industry: efficiency
efficiency: reduce waste; turn off lights; reduce energy consumption when not manufacturing; turn iff infrequently used photocopiers and printers; remove obstructions from radiators; close doors; invest in renewable energy; move objects blocking windows; open windows
67
sustainable energy management, industry: conservation
conservation: arrange transport somewhere with public transport; carbon tax; turn off lights in closets; upgrade electronic equipment; turn off heating; regulations on energy input/output; turn off air conditioning
