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Animal Reproduction, Physiology And Development > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

processes of development

A
  1. cleavage
  2. gastrulation
  3. organogenesis
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2
Q

development

A

a series of progressive changes in form and function that occurs during an organisms life cycle

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3
Q

cleavage

A

division of cells to form blastula

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4
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of tissue layers and axis; the blastula is transformed into an embryo with 3 tissue layers and body axes

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5
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs

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6
Q

morphogenesis

A

cell differentiation and growth to form the complex adult shape

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7
Q

animal hemisphere

A

contains nucleus of the egg

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8
Q

where nutrients accumulate

A

the vegetal hemisphere

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9
Q

3 patterns of cleavage

A
  1. complete
  2. incomplete-discoidal
  3. incomplete-superficial
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10
Q

effect of mitotic spindles on cleavage pattern: 3 types

A

radial cleavage, spiral cleavage, rotational cleavage

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11
Q

radial cleavage

A

spindles form at right angles/parallel to animal-vegetal axis

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12
Q

spiral cleavage

A

spindles at oblique/diagonal angles to animal-vegetal axis

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13
Q

rotational cleavage

A

first division is parallel to animal-vegetal axis, second division is at right angles

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14
Q

at determination

A

the cells fate becomes fixed

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15
Q

endoderm (inner layer)

A

digestive, respiratory and circulatory tracts

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16
Q

ectoderm (outer layer)

A

epidermis and nervous system

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17
Q

mesoderm (middle layer)

A

bone, muscle, liver, heart, and blood vessels

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18
Q

blastodisc

A

the embryo-forming part of an egg - discoidal cleavage

19
Q

epiblast

A

embryo

20
Q

hypoblast

A

extraembryonic membranes

21
Q

blastula

A

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells

22
Q

neurulation

A

occurs early in organogenesis and begins the formation of the nervous system in vertebrates

23
Q

somites

A

produce the vertebrae, ribs, and muscles of the trunk and limbs

24
Q

neural crest cells produce…

A

peripheral nerves

25
Q

development is controlled by

A

the cytoplasm, genes, external environment

26
Q

genomic activation

A

transmission from maternal control to embryo control

27
Q

cytoplasmic segregation

A

a factor is unequally distributed in the cytoplasm and ends up in some daughter cells but not others

28
Q

induction

A

a factor is secreted by some cells to induce other cells to differentiate

29
Q

a signal is considered to be a morphogen if…

A
  1. it directly affects target cells

2. different concentrations cause different effects

30
Q

genomic imprinting

A

some development genes are active only if they come from a sperm, others if they come from an egg

31
Q

types of segmentation genes

A
  1. gap genes
  2. pair rule genes
  3. segment polarity genes
  4. homeotic genes
32
Q

gap genes

A

organise large areas along the anterior-posterior axis

33
Q

pair rule genes

A

divide the embryo into units of 2 segments each

34
Q

segment polarity genes

A

determine segment boundaries

35
Q

homeotic genes

A

expressed along the length of the body and determine what the segments will become

36
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, caused by the activation of death genes

37
Q

clone

A

an individual that is genetically identical to another individual

38
Q

4 mechanisms of cloning

A
  1. natural - asexual reproduction
  2. embryo splitting - an early stage embryo is split into two or more genetically identical embryos
  3. reprogramming somatic cells
  4. nuclear transfer - removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilised egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA
39
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells

40
Q

potential uses of cloning

A
  • elite livestock
  • disease resistant farming
  • developmental research, clones used as controls
  • conservation
41
Q

phenotype of an adult organism results from …

A

interaction of genes, gene products, and environment

42
Q

morphological changes result from:

A
  1. mutations in the genes that regulate development
  2. changes in the spatial expression of developmental genes
  3. changes in temporal expression of developmental genes
43
Q

gremlin

A

BMP inhibitor in ducks which prevents BMP4 apoptosis of webbed feet

Animal Reproduction, Physiology And Development (2 decks)

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