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Animal Reproduction, Physiology And Development > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

physiology

A

analysis of the function of living organisms; applies physical and chemical methods to biology

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2
Q

comparative

A

study of the diversity and modulation of highly conserved properties of organisms

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3
Q

comparative physiology contributes to:

A

ecology - describes adaptations to diverse environment

evolution - correlates function with structure which can help determine relatedness

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4
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that improves an organisms performance (fitness) in its environment

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

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6
Q

3 functional components to homeostasis

A
  1. receptor - takes in sensory information
  2. control center - determines the set point and regulates the body’s response
  3. effector - carries out the response
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7
Q

doping drugs

A
  • PEDS
  • Anabolic steroids
  • HGH
  • EPO - erythropoietin
  • Testosterone
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8
Q

Peds

A

build muscle mass and strength
increase oxygen delivery to exercising tissue
mask pain and injury
decrease weight

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9
Q

anabolic steroids

A

stumulate muscle and bone cells to make new protein by changing gene expression
increases protein synthesis capacity of the cell

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10
Q

Testosterone

A

causes male reproductive and secondary sex traits
side effects:
males- balding, infertility
females- facial hair, thicken vocal cords
general- increased heart disease, liver cancer, kidney damage

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11
Q

HGH

A 
naturally occurring protein
produced by pituitary gland
stimulates bone and muscle growth and reduces body fat
side effects:
type 1 diabetes
acromegaly- overgrowth of hands, feet and face
heart problems
kidney failure with long term use
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12
Q

influence of physics on physiology:

A
  1. gravity - circulation, movement and locomotion

2. surface area: volume - respiration, digestion, water balance, thermoregulation

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13
Q

isometric scaling

A

everything grows in proportion

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14
Q

allometry

A

the study of differential growth; biological scaling

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15
Q

if body temp is too high…

A

proteins denature
inadequate O2 supply (affinity for Hb decreases with increasing temperature)
membrane structure alterations

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16
Q

if body temp is too low …

A

metabolism isn’t fast enough to maintain homeostasis
freezing of cells
inadequate O2 supply

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17
Q

4 methods of human heat exchange:

A
  1. Radiation - infared wavelength without contact 60% heat loss
  2. Conduction - direct transfer 3%
  3. Convection - air/fluid across body surface 15%
  4. Evaporation - water from body surface 22%
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18
Q

poikilotherms

A

ectotherms - temp fluctuates with environment (conformers)

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19
Q

homeotherms

A

endotherms - constant body temp (regulators), heat derived from metabolism

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20
Q

poikilotherm (ectotherm) benefits:

A

5x slower metabolic rate than homeotherms
can devote larger proportion of energy budget to reproduction
good colonisers of poor/arid environments

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21
Q

poikilotherm (ectotherm) costs:

A

no nocturnal environmental niches

cannot sustain high activity bursts - go to anaerobic = high lactic acid = rapid fatigue

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22
Q

homeotherm benefits:

A

can sustain high activity bursts
nocturnal activity in all habitats
able to exploit colder habitats
forage widely and migrate over long distances

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23
Q

homeotherm costs

A

require large body sizes with relatively low SA;Volume
fast metabolic rate
bad colonisers of poor/arid environments

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24
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

range of temps in which the animal doesn’t have to expend energy to maintain body temp

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25
hyperthermia
when evaporative cooling cannot counteract heat gain; body temp is above normal and cannot be reduced
26
vasoconstriction (warms)
diameter of blood vessel decreases blood flow to skin decreases less heat lost to environment raises internal temp
27
shivering
skeletal muscles consume ATP and generate heat
28
countercurrent heat exchange
hot artery flows by colder veins and exchanges heat so cold blood doesn't flow to heart
29
brown fat
has lots of mitochondria and a richer blood supply - new borns and hibernators
30
hormones that increase cellular metabolism:
Adrenaline - released from adrenal medulla, stimulate flight or fight which increases heart rate Thyroxine - hypothalamus signals thyroid to release thyroxine = elevates metabolic rate
31
vasodilation (cools)
blood vessels dilate | blood moved to skin and blood heat is lost to environment
32
2 main concerns of water balance:
1. balance uptake of water from and loss to external environment 2. reduce build up of toxic by products of metabolism
33
passive movement
along a concentration gradient
34
active movement
add energy to move against concentration gradient
35
influences of rate of passive movement
``` membranes size of ion temp of solution electrical charge of ion concentration gradient ```
36
osmolarity equation
(particles/molecule of solute) x (moles/litres)
37
tonicity
the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion, refers to the behaviour of a cell in a solution
38
hypertonic environment
cells will shrink
39
hypotonic environment
water enters cell = cell may possibly burst
40
hypo-osmotic
tissue osmolarity is less than the cell = high H20 gradient, water moves out of cell
41
hyper-osmotic
tissue osmolarity higher than cell, water moves into cell§
42
iso-osmotic
osmolarity of tissues and cell is equal
43
marine teleost
hypo-osmotic to ambient water high salt environment lose water to environment via osmosis salt gain by diffusion in gills
44
getting rid of salt: chloride cells in gills
1. Na/K ATPase builds huge gradient using ATP 2. Na/K ATPase pump Na out of Cl cell 3. Na/Cl symporter moves 1 Na and 2 Cl into cell
45
fresh water teleost
``` hyper osmotic to ambient water low salt environment salt lost by diffusion water uptake by osmosis active uptake of Na and Cl ```
46
Ammonia - bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic invertebrates
toxic free to make highly soluble in water
47
urea - mammals, most amphibians, cartilaginous fish
less toxic than ammonia | requires energy: 1.5 ATP
48
uric acid - birds, insects, reptiles
insoluble in H2O excreted as semi solid - allowing organism to conserve water not toxic requires energy: 5 ATP
49
generalised excretory organs:
kidneys Malpighian tubules contractile vacuoles nephridia
50
specialised excretory organs:
salt glands, gills, liver - porphyrin, rectal glands
51
metabolic waste disposal, 3 steps:
1. FILTRATION - blood fluids collected, some solutes returned in the body, others stay in the filtrate 2. REABSORPTION - selective transport of needed filtered substances back to tissue fluid/blood to be circulated in the body 3. SECRETION - filtrate joined by unneeded substances from the blood and tissue fluid
52
contracting vacuoles
pump water out of the cell | maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
53
2 main divisions of kidney
cortex and medulla
54
cortex contains
convoluted tubules glomeruli bowman's capsule
55
medulla
collecting ducts | long loops of henle
56
Malpighian tubules
collect water and uric acid from blood epithelium pumps solutes from haemolymph to tubule lumen empties into midgut water and useful materials reabsorbed by hindgut salt reabsorbed from rectum water moves in via osmosis nitrogenous waste eliminated with faeces
57
regional homeothermy
- core body temp: narrow margins | - peripheral body temp: limbs etc, varies considerably
58
thermoregulation methods:
- behavioural control; repositioning body in the environment to control temp - physiological control; neural responses (immediate) - e.g. shivering, sweating; acclimatisation responses (long-term) - e.g. changes in insulation
59
in hot environments endotherms maintain normal temp by:
limiting heat gain and increasing heat dissipation
60
limiting heat gain - large animals
low SA;Volume ratio - take longer to heat up | have thicker pelage - insulate body from external heating
61
increasing heat dissipation
``` conduction, convection, radiation thin cuticle highly vascularised lightly insulated large surface areas allen's rule - warmer climate = larger size of appendages ```
62
sweating
extrusion of water through sweat glands onto the skin - passive - high salt loss - no convection - no effect on blood pH
63
panting
evaporative cooling through the respiratory system surfaces - active (requires muscle contraction) - no salt loss - convection - increases cooling - increased ventilation = increased pH can cool brain during periods of high levels of activity
64
endotherms coping with cold environments
increasing heat production (thermogenesis) | limiting heat loss
65
effects of freezing:
- drastic reduction in gas diffusion - drastic reduction in enzyme function - osmotic dehydration due to freezing of extracellular wall
66
bergman's rule
increased size with increased cold temp
67
2 strategies of dealing with freezing temps
1. freeze avoiding/supercooling | 2. freeze tolerance
68
freeze avoidance/supercooling
an increase in solutes reduces freezing point e.g. insects: produce high amounts of glycerol lowers freezing point willow gallfly larvae can supercool to -60!
69
Freeze tolerance
ability to tolerate freezing of extracellular fluids | cryoprotectants reduce ice crystal formation
70
endocrine and exocrine functions
``` controls activities that require long duration: metabolism osmoregulation and digestion growth and development reproduction ```
71
endocrine
glands, blood or lymph, circulate round whole body
72
exocrine glands
ducts, epithelial surface
73
holometabolous
complete metamorphosis
74
hemimetabolous
incomplete metamorphosis
75
corpora allata
endocrine gland which generates juvenile hormone - plays crucial role in metamorphosis
76
key components of the insect endocrine system:
neurosecretory cells corpora cardiaca corpora allata prothoracic glands
77
neurosecretory cells
translate neural signal into chemical stimuli; produce secretions called neurohormones; large cell nucleus
78
corpora cardiaca
a neurohemal organ that stores brain neurohormones
79
prothoracic glands
secrete a hormone called ecdysone under stimulation of the brain hormone
80
major insect hormone types
neurohormones ecdysteriods juvenile hormone prothoracicotrophic hormone
81
neurohormones
``` most diverse class regulate various developmental and metabolic processes ```
82
ecdysteriods
moulting and sex hormones
83
prothoracicotrophic hormones
act on prothoracic glands which release ecdysone
84
ecdysis
moulting - controlled by ecdysone
85
juvenile hormone
secreted by corpora allata regulates developmental transition regulates egg production and mating behaviour
86
pupation occurs when
juvenile hormone levels decline and ecdysone levels are high - at minimum juvenile hormone levels adult forms
87
vitellogenesis
production of yolk proteins transferred into the egg
88
oviposition
egg laying
89
semiochemicals
small organic compounds that transmit chemical messages used by insects for intra- and inter- species communication receptors usually located on sensilla hairs on legs or antennae
90
aerobic respiration equation
glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + ATP

Animal Reproduction, Physiology And Development (2 decks)

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