Development

Question 1

Brain stem features

Answer 1

Highly developed at brith
Autonomic functions are performed eg breathing
Connects the brain to the spinal chord

Question 2

Cerebellum features

Answer 2

Matures later
Near top of spinal chord
Co ordinates the sensory and motor information

Question 3

Thalamus

Answer 3

Deep inside the brain - one in each hemisphere

Acts as an information hub

Question 4

Cortex’s features

Answer 4

Very thing and folded
Spread over both hemispheres
Frontal cortex - visual and auditory
Motor functions processed in motor areas in each hemisphere

Question 5

Smoking during pregnancy results in

Answer 5

Smaller brains

Question 6

Infection during pregnancy such as rubella

Answer 6

Can result in baby’s hearing loss

Question 7

Baby’s can’t recognise a mother’s voice a few days after birth. True or false?

Answer 7

True - some even respond to (by sucking on device) stories read to them whilst they were in the womb

Question 8

The brain forms due to …..but …..has a major influence over it

Answer 8

Nature

Nurture

Question 9

Piaget theory is that

Answer 9

Cognition changes over time

Question 10

Piagets stages overall not detail

Answer 10

Different kinds of logical thinking occurr at each stage

Question 11

Piagets schema description

Answer 11

Mental structures that become more complex

Question 12

Assimilation

Answer 12

Adding new information to an existing schema

Question 13

Accommodation

Answer 13

Recieving new information That forms a new schema with more understanding

Question 14

A strength of piagets theory is that many studies were conducted by him and others

Answer 14

Supports and some refine the theory which gives a more acccurate theory

Question 15

One strength of piagets theory is that it has been applied to the real world

Answer 15

Primary school classrooms in the UK have been changed and designed along with the lessons to promote more active participation and learning to engage the children based on piagets ideas of discovery learning

Question 16

One weakness of piagets theory is that the sample may not be applicable

Answer 16

He only used middle class Swiss children therefore they have a certain background and culture that may favour different activities so may not be generalised across all cultures and classes

Question 17

The study based on piagets idea of conservation was called and conducted by who

Answer 17

Naughty teddy study by McGarrigle and Donaldson

Question 18

McGarrigle and Donaldson naughty teddy study aim

Answer 18

Whether deliberate change in a row of counters would help younger children’s ability to conserve

Question 19

McGarrigle and Donaldson naughty teddy study method

Answer 19

Children aged 4-6 were shown two rows of red and white counters. They were then taken out of the room and told that a naughty teddy had messed it up and the chick would say whether the amount of counters were the same or not

Question 20

McGarrigle and Donaldson naughty teddy study results

Answer 20

Deliberate change = 41% conserved
Accidental change = 68% conserved
Older children did better

Question 21

McGarrigle and Donaldson naughty teddy study conclusion

Answer 21

Piagets method underestimated children because they were confused by the adults moving the counters so though it must be a trick question. Shows that there are still age related chnages

Question 22

One weakness of McGarrigle and Donaldson naughty teddy study is that the sample

Answer 22

Was from one primary school so can’t be generalise across

Question 23

One weakness is that Moore’s study shows that the children didn’t notice

Answer 23

The children’s better performance in the accidental condition may be due to them being distracted by the teddy. Moore’s results show that even if a counter was taken away a they still said it was the same. May not be valid results of McGarrigle

Question 24

One strength of McGarrigle and Donaldson naughty teddy study is that it challenges piagets theory

Answer 24

It refines piagets theory which is good for symbology

Question 25

Egocentrism definition and conducted supporting study by and called

Answer 25

When you see the world form one point of view | Hugh called policeman doll study

Question 26

Hugh’s policeman doll study aim was

Answer 26

To investigate egocentrism in young children in a way that makes more sense than Piagets

Question 27

Hugh’s policeman doll study method

Answer 27

30 3-5 year olds from Edinburgh had to place a doll in a section of intersection walls where the police doll wouldn’t see it. They were given practice before the study

Question 28

Hugh’s policeman doll study results

Answer 28

90% hid the doll correctly | 3 year olds did less well

Question 29

Hugh’s policeman doll study conclusion

Answer 29

4 year old are not egocentric contrary to piaget because he underestimated their abilities but he was right about thinking it will change with age

Question 30

One strength of Hugh’s policeman doll study was that it was easier for children to understand

Answer 30

So it was more valid and they were given practice so results were reliable

Question 31

One weakness of Hugh’s policeman doll study is that unconscious investigator cues

Answer 31

May have influences the children so it lacks validity

Question 32

One strength of Hugh’s policeman doll study is that it challenges Piaget

Answer 32

This means the results are not skewed in Hughs so refines the theory

Question 33

Sensorimotor stage description

Answer 33

0-2 years Learn to co ordinate sensory and motor information Object Permanence is where they think the object disappears if it’s not in their direct line of sight

Question 34

Pre-operational stage description

Answer 34

2-7 years Can’t always think logically Egocentric Lack of conservational abilities

Question 35

Concrete- Operational Stage description

Answer 35

7-11 years | ,At 7 most are able to conserve and are less egocentric

Question 36

Formal - Operationla Stage

Answer 36

Above 11 yrs | Can draw conclusions about abstract and complex theories such as algebra

Question 37

One strength of Piagets cognitive stages is that the basic idea is correct

Answer 37

- thinking changes with age so is a valid theory

Question 38

One weakness worth Piagets theory about stages is that he sometimes overestimated children’s abilities

Answer 38

A study shows that most above 11 yrs can not deal with Wilson’s card sorting abstract game.

Question 39

Another weakness of Piagets theory about cognitive stages is that he sometimes underestimated children’s abilities

Answer 39

Some types of thinking develop earlier than whatPiaget proposed

Question 40

Readiness description

Answer 40

Piagets idea that you can only teach a child something when the child is biologically at the correct stage

Question 41

Discovery Learning description

Answer 41

Piagets idea that that children must play an active role so that they assimilate and engage with the information taught and that their schemas should be slightly challenged but not so much that they become frustrated At Pre operational stage

Question 42

Individual Learning description

Answer 42

Everyone’s biological clock works at a different speed so everyone is different.

Question 43

One strength of Piagets ideas about education are that they were very influential and had a positive impact on the UK

Answer 43

Schools changed classrooms and lessons to have a more active role that engages and challenges students based on discovery learning

Question 44

One weakness about piagets ideas of education is that a study conducted by Bryant suggests that practice cou,d be more influential than readiness

Answer 44

Practice can overcome the effects of the biological clock and complete the stages earlier

Question 45

Another weakness of piagets ideas about education is that a traditional method is often required

Answer 45

And may be more beneficial in subjects such as Maths

Question 46

Basic description of Dwerks theory

Answer 46

The set of assumptions we have or our mindset affects our performance Success is due to effort not performance Enjoyment of challenge Praise effort Above is growth mindset Fixed mindset is all talent no hard work, no pointing in trying if you fail

Question 47

One strength of Dwecks theory is that research evidence shows that growth mindsets leads to better grades

Answer 47

48 low achieving students. Half attended a session on how brain is a muscle that can be excessive others attended memory lesson. The first group did better.

Question 48

One weakness is that any sort of praise may be damaging

Answer 48

In both mindsets if the learner is dependent on praise they are working to earn someone else’s approval rather than for their own satisfaction. Means not even praise of effort is the best

Question 49

One strength is that decks theory has real life impact

Answer 49

Offices, schools etc

Question 50

Dwecks self efficacy

Answer 50

Your idea of how competent you are Related to your expectations from past experiences People who have a higher self efficacy for learning do better than those who have doubts about their own capabilities

Question 51

One weakness of Dwecks self efficacy theory is that Leppers research contradicts it

Answer 51

Pepper found that long term motivation isn’t increased with praise or rewards because children become less interested in doing the task when there isn’t a reward Hence extrinsic rewards destroy intrinsic motivation

Question 52

One strength of Dwecks theory is that studies show reduced self efficacy lead to poor performance. This is called the stereotype threat

Answer 52

Steele found that if African American students were asked to indicate their race before taking an IQ test they did worse. The explanation is that because they were reminded of their race it lowered their self efficacy because it is a stereotype that they are not academically inclined.

Question 53

A strength of Dwecks theory is that we now know how to best reward performance.

Answer 53

One group of students were consistently told the reason for poor grades was laziness and the second group was told they were doing well. At the end of the month the second group gave up on challenging tasks more easily. This shows feedback is important.

Question 54

What is a learning style | Different types and descriptions

Answer 54

People differ in how they learn - match teaching to a students preferred learning mode and they are supposed to do better. Three sensory modes are Verbalisers -prefers to deal with words, auditory processing, repetition and prefer text to diagrams. Visualisers - prefer diagrams to text,find it easy to understand graphs, Kinaesthetic - touch, direct experience through active exploration of the environment

Question 55

One strength of learning styles is that traditional methods of teaching may have only focused on verbal methods.

Answer 55

A general consensus that a mixed approached is the best. This created variety and experimentation which is beneficial to the community.

Question 56

One weakness of learning styles is that there isn’t methodologically sounding evidence that supports it.

Answer 56

Most reports on learning styles had no evidence. The ones that had evidence didn’t show any connection. In fact some showed that if a students preferred learning style was used the student became lazy and did worse.

Question 57

Another weakness of learning styles is that there are too many modes apart from the three sensory.

Answer 57

Not practical to put into practices as a learning mode is likely specific to a persons mood and the subject they are learning. Not a useful concept.

Question 58

Willing hams learning theory

Answer 58

Praise should be given after a task is completed and a person shouldnt work for praise cos that ruins intrinsic motivation People shoud practice retrieval rather than cued recall Self control affects grades (children and marshmallows) Specific brain waves are associated with dyslexia . If we catch the brain wave we can help the child earlier

Question 59

One strength of willingnams theory is that all the evidence is drawn from scientific research

Answer 59

The validity of conclusions is intact because no extraneous variable affecting the results they were based upon.

Question 60

Another strength of willinghams theory is tosh it specifically focuses on application to learn8gn

Answer 60

His criticism of the learning style approach is that there isn’t anything to prove it helps. Hence he is working toward an effective method to help students today .

Question 61

One weakness of willinghams theory is that the diagnosis based on brain waves is unlikely

Answer 61

Highly unlikely that brain disorders can be pinpointed to just one specific source through brain waves. Hence a diagnosis of dyslexia based on brain waves is misleading.