Development

Question 1

At 3 weeks

Answer 1

The brain begins to develop. multiplying cells form a structure called the neural plate. This folds over onto itself to form a tube structure called the neural tube

Question 2

During the 4th week

Answer 2

The neural tube divides into the:
Spinal cord
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 3

During the 6th week

Answer 3

The forebrain divides into two areas:
The cortex
The thalamus
Neurons and synapses begin to develop in the spinal cord which allows the fetus to move around

Question 4

By the 15th week

Answer 4

The cerebellum has formed from the hindbrain

Question 5

By 6 months

Answer 5

The brain is fully formed but not full sized yet

Question 6

During the last 3 months

Answer 6

Folds begin to form the cortex

Question 7

At birth the brain is

Answer 7

25% its adults size

Question 8

Brain stem

Answer 8

The brain stem connects the spinal cord to the brain. It controls basic autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure & sleeping.

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

The centre of the brain. its the sensory processing station. It receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate behavioral responses. All sensory information passes through the thalamus on its way to the cortex.

Question 10

Cerebellum

Answer 10

Located at the back of the brain behind the brain stem. It controls movement & balance and receives information from the cortex and other areas to fine tune motor activity like walking.

Question 11

Cortex

Answer 11

The outer layer of the brain. It is responsible for higher cognitive processes and is divided into four lobes.

Question 12

Frontal lobe

Answer 12

Responsible for cognitive processes such as thinking, planning and problem solving

Question 13

Parietal lobe

Answer 13

Processes information related to touch on the skin (hot/cold/pain)

Question 14

Temporal lobe

Answer 14

Involved in processing auditory information

Question 15

Occipital lobe

Answer 15

Involved in processing visual information

Question 16

MZ

Answer 16

Identical twins

Question 17

DZ

Answer 17

Non identical twins

Question 18

Nature

Answer 18

The idea that we inherit our characteristics and behaviors through genes

Question 19

Nurture

Answer 19

The idea that wereceive our behavior and characteristics from the environment

Question 20

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 20

He believed that schemes were the key to how children developed as they grew up. He believed that there are four stages to a child’s intellectual development. He said children pass through these stages in the same order and at the same age.

Question 21

Schemas

Answer 21

Blocks of knowledge that develop in response to our experience of the world. He believed that babies has simple schemas for sucking and grasping and as the baby grows, more complex ones develop

Question 22

Assimilation

Answer 22

Occurs when new information is added to an existing schema e.g babies will use the sucking schema with fingers and other objects they put in their mouth

Question 23

Accommodation

Answer 23

The schema has to be modified to adapt to a new solution, hence a new schema is formed (e.g the grasping schema has to be changed to deal with objects of different shapes)

Question 24

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

0-2

Children develop object permanence which is knowing that objects still exist even when they are out of sight

Question 25

How was sensorimotor stage investigated

Answer 25

Piaget gave the child a toy and then covered the toy with a blanket. Children under 8 months did not search for the toy but children 8+ did search

Question 26

Pre-operational stage

Answer 26

2-7 | Egocentric which means not being able to see things from other peoples point of view

Question 27

How was pre-operational investigated

Answer 27

The three mountain experiment. He placed a doll somewhere beside the model and then shows children photos of each side of the model. The children has to pick the photo showing the view the doll could see. Children under 7 chose the photo that matched their own view

Question 28

Concrete stage

Answer 28

7-11 | Conserve which is knowing that the amount of something stays the same even if its appearance changes

Question 29

How was concrete stage investigated

Answer 29

Piaget showed children two identical rows of counters then asked them if there was the same amount. He then spread the counters of one row out and asked the children again. Children under 7 said there were more counters in the spread out row

Question 30

Formal operation stage

Answer 30

11+ | Systematic problem solving

Question 31

How was formal-operational investigated

Answer 31

Children were given different lengths of string and weights that could be attached. The children had to find out what factors affected how fast the pendulum could swing. Children after the age of 11 would try and solve the problem systematically.

Question 32

Evaluation of piaget

Answer 32

:( Other psychologists have shown that the ages of piagets stages are wrong ———— :( The way he collected data. He used his own children and small samples that are unrepresentative of most children. Questions were not standardized ———- :) Major impact on education where his ideas are still used today. his methods were new and fun and are simple to replicate

Question 33

The roles of piagets theory in education

Answer 33

Children need to be able to explore and discover situations for themselves. Children should be taught in a self-centered way. Teaching materials for science and maths should include actual objects for children to explore.

Question 34

Fixed mindset

Answer 34

Students believe their intelligence is unchanging. It is genetic and there is nothing you can do to change it.

Question 35

Growth mindset

Answer 35

Students believe their intelligence comes from hard work and that it can be increased over time by putting in effort to their learning

Question 36

Problem solving

Answer 36

Fixed mindset: Give up very quickly | Growth mindset: Keep trying

Question 37

Person praise

Answer 37

The student is praised for their intelligence

Question 38

Process praise

Answer 38

The student is praised for their effort and the processes they use in completing the task

Question 39

Self efficacy

Answer 39

The belief in your own ability to succeed in a task. Students with strong self efficacy put in effort to achieve goals. Students with low self efficacy believe they will not be successful so they are unlikely to try

Question 40

Visual learners

Answer 40

Seeing things

Question 41

Auditory learners

Answer 41

Hearing things

Question 42

Kinesthetic learners

Answer 42

Doing things

Question 43

Willingham’s learning theory

Answer 43

He disagrees that students learn best depending on their preferred learning style. He says there is no experimental evidence to support their existence.

Question 44

Willingham believes that students should be taught using

Answer 44

The best method for the content being taught (in biology, all students need to see diagrams & in french lessons all students need to hear how words are pronounced)