Development Flashcards
1
Q
true/false - severe malnutrition below 1m results in permanent brain damage
A
false - severe malnutrition at any age <6m results in permanent brain damage
2
Q
environmental factors affecting development?
A
smoking, alcohol, drugs opportunity to practice emotional deprivation excess screen time head injury
3
Q
normal variations to 4 point crawl?
A
bottom shuffle
commando crawl
roll
reverse torpedo crawl
4
Q
true/false - preterm neonates have their developmental milestones compensated
A
true, up to the age of 2
5
Q
4 categories of development?
A
gross motor
fine motor and vision
language and hearing
social behaviour and play
6
Q
gross motor development at 3m
A
can control head movement, no head lag on pulling to sit
7
Q
gross motor development at 6m
A
sits up unsupported with straight back
pushes arms up in prone
8
Q
gross motor development at 9m
A
crawling
9
Q
gross motor development at 12m
A
stands independently, begins to walk
10
Q
gross motor development at 18m
A
running
11
Q
gross motor development at 24m
A
stairs with 2 feet
12
Q
gross motor development at 36m
A
stairs with alternate feet
13
Q
gross motor development at 48m
A
hopping
14
Q
what is ATNR
A
asymmetric tonic neck reflex
evolutionary to prevent rolling on unstalbe surface
usually lost 3/4m
often continues in CP
15
Q
fine motor and vision development at 3m
A
regards hand in midline
16
Q
fine motor and vision development at 6m
A
palmar grasp
17
Q
fine motor and vision development at 9m
A
scissor grip
18
Q
fine motor and vision development at 12m
A
pincer grip
19
Q
fine motor and vision development at 18m
A
stacks 3-4 blocks
scribble randomly
20
Q
fine motor and vision development at 24m
A
stacks 6-7 blocks
scribbles more coherently
21
Q
fine motor and vision development at 36m
A
tower of 9 blocks
copies circle
22
Q
fine motor and vision development at 48m
A
draws cross or simple man
23
Q
hearing and language development at 3m
A
vocalises
24
Q
hearing and language development at 6m
A
babbles
25
hearing and language development at 9m
imitates sounds
26
hearing and language development at 12m
knows name
27
hearing and language development at 18m
2 body parts/5-20 words
28
hearing and language development at 24m
can follow simple instruction, 50+ words
29
hearing and language development at 36m
complex instruction/can ask question
30
hearing and language development at 48m
can tell stories of experience
31
social behaviour and play development at 6 weeks
social smile
32
social behaviour and play development at 3m
pleasure on friendly handling
33
social behaviour and play development at 6m
plays with feet
| friendly with strangers
34
social behaviour and play development at 9m
peek a boo
| stranger awareness
35
social behaviour and play development at 12m
drinks from cup/waves bye bye
36
social behaviour and play development at 18m
feeds with spoon
37
social behaviour and play development at 24m
symbolic play, puts on spme clothes
38
social behaviour and play development at 36m
pretend interactive play
| toilet trained
39
social behaviour and play development at 48m
understands turn taking
| gets dressed fully
40
define global developmental delay
>2 domains affected
41
define specific developmental deay
1 domain affected
42
define developmental deviation
different from normal q
43
define developmental regression
loss of skill
44
what is a learning disability and how does it differ from learning difficulty
cannot cope independently
cannot earn new skills or complex tasks
IQ<70
learning difficulties are ore common and less severe
45
red flags for development
```
asymmetry of movement
increased/reduced tone
not reaching for objects by 6m
cannot sit unsupported by 12m
cannot walk by 18m
concern about hearing or vision
loss of skill at any age
```
46
what is defined as a significant global developmental delay
>2SD from mean in >2 of the development categories
47
prenatal causes of global developmental delay
```
down syndrome
PKU, hypothyroidism
micro/macroencephaly
TORCH infection
toxins
```
48
perinatal causes of global developmental delay
premature
| asphyxia
49
postnatal causes of global developmental delay
meningitis
trauma
malnutrition/neglect
50
medical issues relating to down syndrome
```
cardiac
thyroid
hearing and vision
sleep
growth
development
```
51
causes of motor specific developmental delay
CP
coordination disorders
duchenne muscular dystrophy
52
features of DMD
impaired mobility and motion
impaired speech and language
calf pseudohypertrophy
arching of back
53
what is gowers manoeuvre results in DMD
prox muscle weakness of pelvic girdle muscles
54
what is diplegic CP
usually lower limb, both legs affected
| walks on tiptoe, contractures
55
what is hemiplegic splastic CP
normal side with other side arm and leg affected, walks on tiptoe
56
what is quadraplegic CP
arms, head, mouth may twist strangely
4 limbs affecrted
knees press together
feet and legs turn inewards
57
types of CP
ataxic, hypotonic, dyskinetic, spastic
58
besides motor function, what else may CP affecr
communication, seizure, learning, sensation
59
specific sensory developmental delay causes
```
treacher collins
sensorineural hearing loss
CP
hydrocephalus
oculocutaneous albinism
```
60
what is oculocutaneous albinism
conditions affecting pigmentation of skin, hair and eyes
reduced pigmentation of retina and eyes
reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, photophobia
61
features of treacher collins syndrome
conductive hearing loss
normal cognition
underdeveloped facial bones, small jaw, absent or small ears
62
medical issues associated with CP
```
motility, spasticity and ortho
learning difficulty
epilepsy
visual/hearing impairment
communication difficulty
feeding difficulty
sleep problems
behaviour problems
```
63
what is the most common visual defect in spastic CP
inferior visual field defect
64
what is the autistic triad
communication
social interaction
flexibility of thought/imagination
65
autistic triad - features of communication
delayed, abstract language
echo, odd pitch
issues with eye contact, gesture, expression
restricted conversation
66
autistic triad - features of social interaction
struggles with turn taking
cannot share pleasure
no need for social approval
struggle with empathy and relationship, others views
67
autistic triad - features of flexibility of thought/imagination
```
struggle with time concept
concrete and literal
routine
changes in environment
ritualistic behaviour
```
68
sensory issues with ASD
```
fussy eater
clothes texture
hair/nail cutting
sleep
toilet training
noise
```
69
investigation of developmental delay
```
oligoarray CGH and FRAX
guthrie test
MRI/EEG
CK
Metabolic studies
```
70
what formal assessment is used in 0-6
griffiths
71
what formal assessment is used in 0-3
bayleys
72
what formal assessment is used in ASD
ADOS
73
who should be spoken to first during paeds history
always the child
74
why is play important in hospital?
```
sense normality
aids recovery
development
understand illness
trust
reduce stress
```
75
what is play preparation and when is it used
prepare for procedures and help understand illness and treatment
encouraging child to act it out with play
76
when is referral to play therapists used and what does it involve
feat, trauma, misconception around healthcare related things
procedural play to help build relationship and understanding
77
why do mothers with diabetes tend to have larger babies
insulin acts as a growth factor
78
what is a Z score
number of SDs a person has from mean
79
in a normal distribution of 100 people, how many will fall in 1SD
68
80
in a normal distribution of 100 people, how many will fall in 2SD
95
81
centile lines of a growth chart are spaced how many SDs away
2/3rd
82
how is normal growth compared on a growth chart
compare growth to centile lines
| compare rate of growth
83
why is the normal distribution of growth charts getting a right tail
increasing height and obesity
84
measuring head circumference?
measure widest part of head 3 times and take average
85
true/false- children <2 are measured as length, not height
true, and >2 is height
86
why are overweight children more likely to enter puberty sooner
they have more adipocytes, so more leptin leading to raised GnRH
87
what is the testicular volume when puberty has begun
4ml
88
how is tanner stage measured in boys?
testicular volume
| pubic hair, unreliable
89
how is tanner stage measured in girls?
breast development
| pubic hair, unreliable
90
when is puberty regarded as early?
<8 girls
| <9 boys
91
when is puberty regarded as late?
>13 girls
| >14 boys
92
when is height velocity peak girls
12
| generally start of puberty
93
when is height velocity peak boys
14
| generally end of puberty
94
in investigating growth problem, what may be used to determine issues with height, and describe it
mid parental height
parents height charted and the parental centile is used
this is compared to childs centile
if ±2SDs then abnormal
95
investigation of growth issues?
```
gonads
IGF1
test/oestradiol
karyotype
anti-TTG
bone age
dynamic testing
MRI brain
USS uterus
```
96
causes of dysmorphic disorders leading to short stature
down syndrome
turner syndrome
achondroplasia
prader-wili
