Development & Behavior Flashcards by Alicia Daum

Define Short Stature

Past age 2 years, height that is below 2.3%

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Goal of Short Stature

Differentiate between benign & pathological etiologies

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Diagnostic Approach to Short Stature

Thorough H&P
Growth curve velocity
Bone age determination

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Familial Short Stature

Bone age = child’s age
Hx of parent being short
Genetic

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Constitutional Growth Delay

Bone age

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Most Important First Step in Newborn’s Life

Bonding with caregiver
Infants has not learned they are separate from caretaker
Physical contact = protection to baby

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Bonding/Attachment Problems

Mother ill
Single parent
No outside support for parents
Post-partum blues
Depression
Psychosis
Marital stress
Abuse
Not wanting baby
Too much "support"

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Define Temper Tantrums

Consists of whining, screaming, crying and even throwing self to the floor

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Why do toddlers have temper tantrums?

Frustration
Learning to communicate
Easily overwhelmed
Overtired
Want their way

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Four Goals of Misbehavior in Toddlers

Attention
Power
Revenge
Display of inadequacy

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Management Tips to Parents for Avoid Temper Tantrums

Avoid putting child in situations when tired or lots of stimulation
Easy choices between 2 things
Distract them
Ignore the tantrum
Warn of consequences
Tell them you love them not the behavior

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When to Seek Help with Temper Tantrums

Parent uncomfortable with response or feelings
Parent gives in to child
Tantrums arouse bad feelings
Increasing frequency, intensity, or duration
Child hurts him/herself or others
Child is destructive
Child displays mood disorders

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Potential Underlying Problems for Temper Tantrums

Hearing/vision problems
Chronic illness
Language delay
Learning disability

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Tips for Temper Tantrums

Consider mental health of parent
Encourage teaching prosocial behavior/empathy
Educate about reinforcing positives

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Chronic Aggressiveness Leads to:

Repeated failure in school
Frustrating & disappointing life
Emotional & physical pain

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Studies Demonstrate that Abnormal Aggression Leads To:

Long-term aggressive behavior
Antisocial behavior
Early interventions key to preventing violent teens/adults

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Prevention of Abnormal Aggression

Limit screen time
Intervene early
Consult medical & mental health professionals

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Possible Causes of Aggressive Behavior

Poor parenting
Abuse/neglect trauma
Brain damage
Genetic abnormalities
Other health problems
Marital problems
Family instability
Observation of aggression from peers/at home

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Strong Warning Signs of Aggressive Behavior

Cruelty to animals
Arson
Sexualized behavior
Aggressive behavior outside norm
Self-injury
Extreme non-compliance
Lack of behavior change with consequences
Evidence of psychosis
Lack of remorse or empathy

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Possible Reasons for Biting

Relieve pain from teething
Experience sensation of biting
Oral-motor stimulation
Imitate others
Get attention
Self-defense
Communicate needs &amp; desires
Communicate feelings

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Biting Management

Study These Flashcards

Say “No biting, biting hurts.”
Comfort hurt child
Talk to biting child calmly

What NOT to do with a biting child

Study These Flashcards

Avoid labeling as a biter
Don't bite child back
Avoid getting angry, yelling, or shaming
Avoid giving too much attention
Do not force biting and bitten child to play together
Don't punish biter

What is the educational theme for parents with a biter?

Study These Flashcards

Consistency

Sleep Disturbances

Study These Flashcards

Bedtime refusal or resistance
Delayed sleep onset
Prolonged night awakenings
Night terrors

Intrinsic Factors to Sleep Disturbances

``` Child's temperament Medical issues Circadian preference Neurodevelopmental disabilities Anxiety disorders ```

Screening tool for Evaluating Sleep Disturbances

``` BEARS B- bedtime issues E- excessive daytime sleepiness A- night awakenings R- regularity & duration of sleep S- snoring ```

Interventions for Sleep Disturbances

``` Pattern Same time NO screen time prior Systemic ignoring Positive reinforcement Parent education ```

When do Night Terrors Occur?

First half of the night

During a Night Terror, Child may

``` Sit up in bed Scream or shout Kick and thrash Sweat, breathe heavily, racing pulse Heard to awaken Inconsolable Stare wide-eyes Get out of bed & run around house ```

Factors that Contribute to Sleep Terrors

``` Sleep deprivation Extreme tiredness Stress Fever Unfamiliar surroundings Light or noise Overfull bladder ```

Reasons to Evaluate Night Terrors

``` Happening excessively Daytime somnolence Hurting self/others Child afraid to go to sleep Last beyond teen years Follow the same pattern ```

How to Evaluate Night Terrors

Sleep log Sleep study Use of benzodiazepams

Toilet Training

``` Must be ready Neurologically mature Regular bowel frequency Avoid pressuring or punishments for accidents Positive Reinforcement Periods of regression with stressors ```

Factors for Toilet Training Resistance

``` Attempting training too early Excessive parent-child conflict Irrational fear/anxiety Difficult temperament Hard, painful stools Exert independence ```

Identify Children at Risk for Dental Disease

``` Low SES Prolonged breast or bottle feeding Frequent consumption of sugary items Prolonged use of slippy cup Bottles at bed time Passive smoke Special health care needs Insufficient fluoride exposure Visible plaque Enamel pits/defects Non-nutritive sucking ```

Prevention of Dental Caries

Early brushing Fluoride Flossing Dental check ups

What are you looking for during your visual assessment in an infant?

``` Cataracts Strabismus Amblyopia Retinoblastoma Glaucoma Asymmetric pupil Unilateral ptosis ```

Hearing Screenings in Newborns

Screen prior to discharge

Define IQ

Statistically derived number reflecting the ratio of age-appropriate cognitive function and the child's level of cognitive function

Deficits in the Development of Intellectual Disability

``` Language Motor skills Attention Abstract reasoning Visual-spatial skills Academic or vocational achievement ```

Multiple Causes of Intellectual Disability

``` Chromosomal abnormalities Fragile X syndrome Monogenetic conditions Structural CNS abnormalities Complications of prematurity Environmental or teratogenic causes "Cultural-familial" mental retardation Metabolic or endocrine causes Unknown ```

Treatment of Intellectual Disability

Speech and language therapy Special education support OT or PT Behavioral therapy or counseling

4 Types of Parenting

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive/indulgent Neglectful

Define Authoritative Parenting

Boundaries Calm in situations Balance

Define Authoritarian Parenting

Overboard Rules/regulations Rigid boundaries Less flexible

Define Permissive Parenting

Let kids do anything Give them what they want Children kind of run their own world

Define Neglectful Parenting

Parents just don't care

Stressor that can alter school performance

New sibling Divorce Move to new location Abuse

Peer Relations of Children

Age 3-4 play together Young children allowed to socialize Child older- peers have greater influence

Things that Affect a Child's Behavior and Self-Esteem

``` SES Cultural beliefs Number of siblings Parenting Presence of abuse Extended family involved ```

Development & Behavior Flashcards

(50 cards)