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BIOL1900 > Development and Social Psychology Extra Notes > Flashcards

Development and Social Psychology Extra Notes Flashcards

1
Q

examples of attributions ? (hint: 4)

A
  • explanations
  • excuses
  • inferences we draw about causes of events and behaviours
  • involve determining causes of people’ behaviour
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2
Q

why do we make attributions?(hint: 4)

A

-strong need to understand/make sense of events, experiences, behaviour, actions)

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3
Q

when do we make attributions?(hint:4)

A
  • unusual events
  • when events have personal consequences
  • when others behave in unexpected ways
  • when suspicious about another’s behaviour
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4
Q

Heider 1958 how do we explain behaviour? (hint: 2 factors)

A

-locate cause of behaviour either within a person (personal factors) or outside a person (environmental/situational factors)

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5
Q

Jones&Davis(1965), Kelley(1967) how do we explain behaviour? (hint: 2 factors)

A
  • internal (personal dispositions,traits,abilities, feelings)
  • external (situational demands, environmental constraints)
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6
Q

what kind of attribution do you make if you attribute the cause of behaviour to something within? i.e personality

A
  • internal attribution

- we make a DISPOSITIONAL ATTRIBUTION

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7
Q

what kind of attribution do you make if you attribute the cause of behaviour to something outside the person we observe? i.e situation

A
  • external attribution

- we make a SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTION

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8
Q

whether behaviour is the same over time is considering what kind of information?

A

consistency

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9
Q

considering whether behaviour is unique to specific entity is considering what kind of information?

A

distinctiveness

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10
Q

considering whether other people in the same situation respond similarly is considering what kind of information?

A

consensus

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11
Q

example of low consensus with an internal attribution? (car example)

A
  • very few car accidents at that time
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12
Q

example of high consistency with an internal attribution (car example)

A
  • my friend has many car accidents
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13
Q

example of low distinctiveness with an internal attribution (car example)

A

-my friend has accidentals under many different conditions

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14
Q

example of high consensus with an external attribution (car example)

A

-many car accidents at that time

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15
Q

example of high consistency with an external attribution (car example)

A

-my friend has car accidents

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16
Q

example of high distinctiveness with external attribution (car example)

A

-my friend has accidents only under wet conditions

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17
Q

How do we explain our own (and others’) successes and failures? Weiner 1972
(hint: 4)

A
  • internal/external

- stable/unstable

18
Q

How do people with high self-esteem attribute their successes and failures?

A
  • success attributed to internal causes (their own skill/ability)
  • failures attributed to external causes (bad luck)
19
Q

how do people with low self-esteem attribute successes and failures?

A
  • success attributed to external causes (good luck)

- failures attributed to internal causes (own lack of skill or capability)

20
Q

what is actor-observe bias?

A
  • attribute behaviour of others to internal traits, but our own behaviour to situation variables
  • fundamental attribution error
21
Q

what is self-serving bias?

A
  • attribute success to disposition

- attribute failures to situations

22
Q

what are defensive attributions?

A

-attribute blame to victims for their misfortune

23
Q

potential distorting effects of the confirmation bias?

A
  • personal involvement with a specific theory
  • overemphasize consistent data
  • downplay/ignore inconsistent data
  • design study to favor confirmation of theory
  • report only consistent data
24
Q

safeguards against sources of distortion?

A
  • skepticism (high rejection rates of journals)
  • non supporters attempt to replicate results
  • researcher’s own awareness of confirmation bias/effects
25
Q

distorting the perception of one’s behaviour relative to other’s is an example of ?

A

cognitive biases

26
Q

what is comparative optimism?

A
  • a cognitive bias

- helps maintain feelings of safety

27
Q

what is false consensus?

A
  • a cognitive bias
  • helps maintain a sense of self-esteem
  • overestimate how much other people agree with self
28
Q

what is false polarization?

A
  • a cognitive bias

- helps maintain view of self as more reasonable than those who would disagree

29
Q

what is conformity?

A
  • human social behaviour and beliefs are:
  • homogeneous within groups
  • heterogeneous between groups
  • tendency to follow others in attitudes or behaviours
30
Q

why do people conform?

A
  • unsure of situation
  • low group status
  • lack info
  • behaviour is public
31
Q

positive aspect of conformity?

A
  • allows individuals to feel connected

- society runs more smoothly

32
Q

yielding to social pressure in public behaviour even though private behaviours have not changed is an example of?

A

compliance

33
Q

what is groupthink

A
  • compliance

- results in hesitation to dissent in order to preserve solidarity

34
Q

what is group polarization

A
  • compliance

- group discussion causes members to shift to more extreme positions

35
Q

three examples of compliance techniques?

A
  • foot in the door
  • door in the face
  • low ball
36
Q

what is the foot in the door compliance technique

A

-start with a small request
-follow with large one
Example (sign this petition, now donate??)

37
Q

door in the face compliance technique?

A

-start with large request, follow with small one that was desired the whole time)
(donate 1000$, or just 10$?)

38
Q

low-ball compliance technique?

A

-make attractive initial offer
-after commitment, make terms less good
(person agrees to buy car, sales person says price was marked wrong)

39
Q

what is obedience?

A
  • form of compliance
  • follow direct commands
  • usually from someone in position of authority
40
Q

how did stanley milgram test obediance to authority?

A

-shock experiment

41
Q

how did obedience reduce in milgrams experiment?

A
  • when teacher can see learner
  • teacher holds learners hand to shock plate
  • experimenter leaves

BIOL1900 (6 decks)

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