Development CH 11

Question 1

The study of changes that occur in people’s abilities and dispositions as they grow older.

Answer 1

Developmental Psychology

Question 2

Looking at a pattern intently at first and then, over the course of minutes look at it less and less is Blank

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

by 5 or 6 months babies regularly manipulate and explore objects in the sophisticated manner that researchers label BLANK

Answer 3

examining

Question 4

Infants use social cues to guide their BLANK. Babies often mimc adults’ actions on objects (mom rolls a ball, baby rolls a ball).

Answer 4

exploration

Question 5

Infants look selectively at BLANK objects. If a new pattern is submitted for an old one, infants immediately increase their looking time.

Answer 5

Novel

Question 6

Infants seek to BLANK their environment. Attending much more to a mobile that moves in response to their own bodily movement v. a motor driven one.

Answer 6

Control

Question 7

Infants explore increasingly with Blank and Blank together. An evidence that examingin involves focused mental activity, researchers have found that babies are more difficulte to distract with brigh visual stimuli, when they are examining an object that at other times.

Answer 7

Hands and Eyes

Question 8

Infants do not need to be taught to Blank objects. They do this in every culture, wether or not the behavior is enouraged.

Answer 8

Examine

Question 9

Three ways infants beginning before 12 months of age, use their observations of adults’ behavior to guide their own explorations:

Answer 9

Mimic adults actions, gaze following, social referencing

Question 10

watching the eyes of a nearby person and move their own eyes to look at what that person is looking at is called Blank.

Answer 10

Gaze following

Question 11

Looking at a caregivers expressions for clues about the possible danger of their own actions is called Blank (by 7 weeks of age)

Answer 11

Social referencing

Question 12

Empirist philosophers, like Locke, argued that each person gradulaly acquires an understanding of core principles through Blank and Blank.

Answer 12

sensory experience and general learning ability

Question 13

Nativist philosophers, like Kant, argued that knowledge of at lease some core principles is Blank. Such principles are so central to human perception and throught that they must in some way be known from the beginning in order to be useful.

Answer 13

inborn

Question 14

the principle that says objects continue to exist when out of view.

Answer 14

object permanence

Question 15

The famous Swiss developmental psychologist, Blank, tested infants understanding by having them search for hidden objects. He would show them the toy and then hide it.

Answer 15

Jean Piaget

Question 16

In this test on babies younger than five months Piaget would show a toy to the child and hide it under a napkin. Most children do not reach for the toy once under the napkin and they lose interest. Babies this age completely lack the concept of object permanence.

Answer 16

simple hiding problem

Question 17

Between 6-9 months Piaget would test by placing the toy under a napkin in phase one and the child retrieves it each time. Then in the next phase the toy is hidden under another napkin, right next to the first. Despite seeing the toy under the new napkin the child reaches for the old napkin. This shows that the emerging understanding of object permanence is still very fragile (only 10-12 months is this solved)

Answer 17

Changed-hiding-place problem.

Question 18

Infants knowledge of BLANK principles is revealed by the fact that they look longer at phsyically impossible events than at phsyically possible events. Such research indicates that infants as young as 2.5-4 months old know some of these principles.

Answer 18

Core Physical Principles

Question 19

Experience with self-produced Blank, either by crawling or by using a walker, promotes the ability to solve manual search problems.

Answer 19

locomotion

Question 20

Three complementary perspectives that help us understand children’s mental growth are:

Answer 20

Piaget’s Theory - Role of child’s own actions in mental growth; Vygotsky’s Theory - Role of the sociocultural Environment in mental growth; Information Processing Perspective

Question 21

Piaget’s fundemental idea was that mental development derives fromt he child’s BLank actions on the physical environment.

Answer 21

Own

Question 22

By acting on objects, children develop mental representations called Blank, which are mental blueprints for action (mental representation of a bodily movement).

Answer 22

scemes

Question 23

Piaget conceived of the growth of schemes as involving two complementary processes: Blank and Blank

Answer 23

assimilation and accommodation

Question 24

Blank is the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes.

Answer 24

Assimilation

Question 25

Assimilation usually requires that exisiting schemes expand or change somewhat for new objects or events. What is this process called?

Answer 25

Accommodation

Question 26

In Piaget's view, infants and children at play behave like little Blank.

Answer 26

scientists

Question 27

These types of actions promote development.

Answer 27

Reversible (operations)

Question 28

Actions whose effects can be undone by other actions (rolling clay into sausage shape then back into ball)

Answer 28

Operations/Reversible Actions

Question 29

Performing operations as children eplore their environment gradually helps them develop blank. These ar mental blueprints that allow them to think about the reversibility of their actions.

Answer 29

operational schemes

Question 30

the blank principle says that a child knows that a clay ball can be rolled into a sausage and then back into a ball of the same size as it was before has the basis for know that the amount of clay must remain the same as the clay changes shape.

Answer 30

conservation of substance

Question 31

Four types of schemes:

Answer 31

The sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete-operational stage, the formal operational stage

Question 32

The most primitive scheme in Piaget's theory is blank, which provides a foundation for actin on objects that are present but not for thinking about objects which are absent (birth to 2 years)

Answer 32

Sensorimotor stage

Question 33

This scheme emerges from the sensorimotor scheme and enables the child to think beyond the here and now (age 2-7). Children have a well developed ability to symbolize objects and events that are absent and in their play they delight in exercising that ability.

Answer 33

preoperational stage

Question 34

Because peroperational children have not yet internalized an understanding of operations, they continually produce operations as they explore their environment. They push pull squeeze and so on they gradually develop blank schemes and enter the blank stage (age 7-12). These schemes permit a child to think about the reversible consequences of actions and thereby provide basis for understanding physical principles duch as conservation of substance and cause and effect.

Answer 34

concrete-operational | concrete-operational

Question 35

The child understands the principle of conservation of substance as a general principle applicable to all substances. According to Piaget, the child develops blank schemes, which represent abstract principles that apply to a wide variety of objects, substances and situations. Permits a person think theoretically and pply principles even to actions they cannot actually perform (adolescence through adulthood)

Answer 35

formal operational

Question 36

Blank argued that language is the foundation not only for children's aquisition of information and ideas from other people but also for their own higher thought.

Answer 36

Vygotsky

Question 37

Vygotsky considered the child's ineteraction with the blank and blank environments to be the key to cognitive development, leading to internalization of symbols, ideas and ways of thinking.

Answer 37

social and cultural

Question 38

In support of his view that lnaguauge is critical to thought, Vygotsky noted that children about 4-6 years old often talk aloud in a blank manner. By talking to themselves they can maintain focus on a task. This is replaced around age 7 with blank.

Answer 38

``` noncommunicative inner speech (verbal thought) ```

Question 39

Vygotsky's fundamental idea is that development occurs first at the social level and then at the individual level. People learn to converse with words before they think with words. He coined the term blank to refer to the realm of activities that a child can do in colaboration with more competent others but cannot yet do alone.

Answer 39

zone of proximal development

Question 40

Vygotsky's child can be characterized as an blank

Answer 40

apprentice

Question 41

Developmental psychologists that adopt this perspective attempt to explain children's mental development in terms of operational changes in basic components of their mental machinery.

Answer 41

information processing perspective

Question 42

Children exhibit blank memory from early infancy on, but we cannot assess their explicit memory capacity until they have sufficient language skills.

Answer 42

implicit long-term

Question 43

blank memory is evident as soon as children begin to use words, at about 10 to 12 months. it underlies among other things, the growth of vocabulary.

Answer 43

semantic long-term

Question 44

blank memory apparently requires that tha child encode personal experiences verbally, which begins to happen with some regularity at about age 3.

Answer 44

episodic long-term

Question 45

blank memory capacity increase as the child grows older, up to about age 15. a parallel increase in processing speed may provide the basis for this increase in capacity.

Answer 45

working

Question 46

Young children seem to automatically ascribe blank characteristics to objects that mvoe on their own.

Answer 46

psychological

Question 47

well before the age of 3, children use such mental construcs as blank, blank and blank to explain people's behavior.

Answer 47

perception, emotion and desire

Question 48

The understanding that beliefs can be false, that is, not congruent with reality - takes longer to develop, appearing around age blank.

Answer 48

four

Question 49

make-believe play, especially role play, may provide a foundation for the later understanding of blank.

Answer 49

false beliefs

Question 50

make-believe may also help children to develop the ability to blank on the basis of hypothetical or counterfactual premises

Answer 50

reason

Question 51

people with blank lack the motivation and skills for making connections with other people.

Answer 51

autism

Question 52

autistic children typically do not engage spontaneously in blank, do not develop blank and think blank rather than hypothetically.

Answer 52

make believe play false belief understanding literally

Question 53

Chomsky hypothesized the existence of an innate Blank, consisting of universal grammar and mechanisms that guide native language learning.

Answer 53

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 54

The LAD appears to function most effectively in the first blank years of life. children deprived of sufficient exposure to language during that period do not fully learn language later. It functions most effectively before age Blank. Effectiveness reduces from ages blank to blank and is leaset effective after age blank.

Answer 54

Eight Eleven Eleven-Eighteen Eighteen

Question 55

Further support for the LAD concept comes from evidence that young children invent blank when it is not around them such as development of a creole language or deaf children inventing grammatical sign language.

Answer 55

grammar

Question 56

the social context provides children with the blank. simplicifcation of language and use of gestures that help a child learn language.

Answer 56

language-acquisition support system

Question 57

caregivers generally assist language acquisition by speaking blank and by being responsive to early linguistic efforts

Answer 57

motherese

Question 58

Children aquire blank at roughly the same rate every where, despite wide cross-cultural variation in the LASS

Answer 58

language

Question 59

Washoe, a blank, learned some American sign language inspiring other ape-language studies

Answer 59

chimpanzee

Question 60

Kanzi, a blank that has learned to use lexigrams and gestures to express meaning, understands at least 500 english words and can use word order to interpret meaning.

Answer 60

bonobo

Question 61

Successful efforts like those involving Washoe and Kanzi used immersion in an environment rich in blank, not systematic training by operant conditioning

Answer 61

linguistic communication

Question 62

Apes are much better at acquiring blank than grammar

Answer 62

vocabulary

Question 63

blank refers to the changing nature of our relationships with others over the course of life.

Answer 63

social development

Question 64

blank refers to emotional bonds formed between an infant and caregiver

Answer 64

attachment

Question 65

Harlow found that infant monkeys became attached to a blank surrogate mother but not to a blank one, even if the latter provided milk.

Answer 65

cloth | wire

Question 66

Bowlby found that human infants also exhibit blank behaviors. such behaviors, which help protect the baby from danger, intensify when the baby can move around on its own.

Answer 66

attachment

Question 67

sure attachment of infants to caregivers, measured by the blank test, correlates with the caregiver's responsive, emotionally sensitive care. parent-training experiments indicate that sensitive care promotes secure attachment.

Answer 67

strange-situation

Question 68

Mary Ainsworth created the blank test. In this test the infant and mother are brought into an unfamilair room with toys. The infant remains in the room while the mother and an unfamiliar adult move out of and into it according to a prescribed sequence. The infant is sometimes with just the mother, sometimes with just the stranger and sometimes alone.

Answer 68

strange situation

Question 69

infants are classed as blank if they explore the room, classed as blank if the infant avoids the mother and seems cold towards her, classed blank if the infant does not ignore the mother but cries even when she attempts to comfort her.

Answer 69

``` securely attached (70%) avoidant attachment (20%) anxious attachment (10%) ```

Question 70

blank with infants and young children, which is the norm in most cultures but unusual in North America, appears to be associated with positive social and emotional development

Answer 70

co-sleeping

Question 71

Hunter-gatherer societies such as the !Kung treat infants with extraordinary blank, keeping them in nearly constant physical contact, permitting nursing at will and responding quickly to signs of distress. This approach appears to produce a stong sense of blank and group loyalty, not demanding or overly dependent individuals.

Answer 71

indulgence | interdependence

Question 72

Young children have an inborn predisposition to blank.

Answer 72

give

Question 73

The development of empathy during the second year cause children increasingly to base actions of blank, blank, and blank on an understanding of and concern for other's need and feelings.

Answer 73

giving, helping and comforting

Question 74

empathy based blank, which emerges as children connect their own actions with other's pain or sorrow, provides a foundation for moral development.

Answer 74

guilt

Question 75

blank contends that the style of parental discipline referred to as induction is most conducive to the child's moral development.

Answer 75

Hoffman

Question 76

Baumrind found that children of parents with an blank disciplinary style were happier, friendlier and more coopoerative than children of parents with either authoritarian or permissive styles

Answer 76

authoritative

Question 77

blank parents strongly value obedience for its own sake and use a high degree of power assertion to control their children

Answer 77

authoritarian

Question 78

blank parents are less concerned with obedience for its own sake and more concerned that their children learn and abide by basic principles of right and wrong.

Answer 78

authorittative

Question 79

blank parents are most tolerant of their children's disruptive actions and least likely to discipline them at all.

Answer 79

permissive

Question 80

these changes reflect genetically controlled biologial maturation (walking)

Answer 80

nativism

Question 81

blank changes reflect environmental influence (classical or opperant conditioning, semantic knowledge)

Answer 81

Environmentalism

Question 82

these changes reflect a mix between genetic capacity and environmental exposures

Answer 82

ineractionism

Question 83

attachment is promoted by blank.

Answer 83

contact comfort

Question 84

Fundamental awareness that other people have minds and their behavior is guided by their beliefs and intentions.Allows humans to socially interact w/each other in highly adaptive ways. Ability to think about others when they are not present, belief in afterlife, the imaginary beings in literature and art and belief in God and spirits.

Answer 84

development of the theory of the mind