Development, CNS, PNS (Lecture #1)

Question 1

what does the embryo look like at ~3weeks after conception?

Answer 1

3 layered disk

Question 2

what happens to the epiblast layer at ~3weeks after conception

Answer 2

develops a depression called the primitive groove

Question 3

what happens to the primitive groove over time?

Answer 3

it deepens, detaches from epiblast, and closes to form neural tube

Question 4

progression of neural tube closure

Answer 4

dorsal aspect of cervical region closes first
closure proceeds in both directions (rostrally and caudally)
rostral end closes at 24-26 days
caudal end closes at 26-28 days

Question 5

when is the neural tube done forming

Answer 5

~4weeks after conception

Question 6

what happens if the neural tube does not form correctly?

Answer 6

brain and spinal cord do not form correctly

skull and spine do not form correctly

Question 7

what part of the neural tube becomes the brain?

Answer 7

rostral end

Question 8

what part of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord?

Answer 8

everything that is not the rostral end

Question 9

what happens to the rostral end of the neural tube after its closure?

Answer 9

starts to change shape and develops 3 major vesicles

Question 10

3 major vesicles developed by rostral end of neural tube after closure

Answer 10

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

Question 11

what does prosencephalon develop into

Answer 11

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

diencephalon

Question 12

what does the mesencephalon develop into?

Answer 12

midbrain

Question 13

what does the rhombencephalon develop into?

Answer 13

metencephalon (pons & cerebellum)

mylencephalon (medulla)

Question 14

parts of the central nervous system

Answer 14

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
midbrain
pons & cerebellum
medulla
spinal cord

Question 15

what makes up the brainstem

Answer 15

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 16

rostral (definition)

Answer 16

toward the cerebral hemispheres

Question 17

caudal (definition)

Answer 17

toward the sacral end of the spinal cord

Question 18

what is the diencephalon made up of

Answer 18

thalamus (largest part)
hypothalamus
epithalamus

Question 19

types of glial cells

Answer 19

astrocyte
oligodendroglia
microglia

Question 20

astrocyte

Answer 20

structural support and metabolism in the nervous system

Question 21

oligodendroglia

Answer 21

produce myelin

Question 22

microglia

Answer 22

phagocytic activity

Question 23

ependymal cells

Answer 23

line ventrical cavities

Question 24

what is myelin?

Answer 24

lipid-substance covering essentially all axons in CNS and some in PNS

Question 25

function of myelin

Answer 25

insulate axons to prevent signal loss | speed transmission

Question 26

myelin formed by

Answer 26

``` oligodendroglia (CNS) schwann cells (PNS) ```

Question 27

do diseases affect myelin the same way in the CNS as in the PNS?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

white matter

Answer 28

areas primarily containing myelinated axons

Question 29

grey matter

Answer 29

areas primarily containing cell bodies | ALL synapses occur here

Question 30

grey matter areas in brain

Answer 30

cerebral cortex thalamus basal ganglia

Question 31

ventricles

Answer 31

study handout

Question 32

Peripheral Nervous System contents

Answer 32

anything outside of brain and spinal cord cranial nerves and ganglia spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia enteric nervous system (nerves in digestive system)

Question 33

part of spinal cord that contains sensory axons

Answer 33

dorsal roots

Question 34

part of spinal cord that contains motor and autonomic axons

Answer 34

ventral roots

Question 35

what is the central canal filled with

Answer 35

fluid

Question 36

which segments of the spinal cord have enlargements

Answer 36

cervical (for controlling UE muscles) | lumbosacral (for controlling LE muscles)

Question 37

what spinal levels are associated with the sympathtic nervous system

Answer 37

T1-L2

Question 38

what spinal levels are associated with parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 38

brainstem | S2-S4

Question 39

fight/flight functions

Answer 39

``` pupil dilation bronchodilation cardiac acceleration inhibition of digestion piloerection stimulation of glucose release systemic vasoconstriction ```

Question 40

rest/digest functions

Answer 40

``` pupil constriction bronchoconstriction cardiac deceleration stimulation of digestion salivation, lacrimation intestinal vasodilation ```