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geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what is subsistence farming

A

farmers who produce just enough to feed themselves and their family

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2
Q

what are 4 economic development indicators

A

GDP- total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

Purchasing power parity- shows what the gdp value will be worth in that country

poverty line- minimum income required to meet someone’s basic needs - $1.25 per day

measure of inequality- how wealth is shared among the population

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3
Q

what are 2 social indicators of development

A

access to drinking water - % of population with access to piped water within 1km

literacy rate - % of population over 15 who can read and write

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4
Q

what is the HDI

A 
one figure per country between 0 and 1 (higher = better) uses an average of 4 indicators:
life expectancy
education (literacy)
education (length of schooling)
GDP using PPP$
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5
Q

what is the corruption perceptions index

A

devised to help investors work out where there money is safe uses a scale from 10 (honest) to 0 (corrupt)

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6
Q

what is birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 people per year

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7
Q

what is death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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8
Q

what is the dependency ratio

A

proportion of people below and above normal working age
calculated by adding both groups together and diving by the working population then x100
lower the number the greater the number of people who work and less who are dependant

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9
Q

what is fertility rate

A

average number of births per woman

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10
Q

what is infant mortality rate

A

number of children per 1000 live births who die before they’re 1

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11
Q

what is maternal mortality

A

number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth

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12
Q

why do developing countries like malawi have high fertility rates (3)

A

poverty- many families can’t afford secondary education so girls get married young and have children young

families have lots of children as infant mortality rate is high

they need lots of children so they can work and increase family income

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13
Q

what is the global north

A

a group of HIC’s in the northern hemisphere (except australia) including northern america, western europe and japan

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14
Q

what is the global south

A

a group of LIC’s in the southern hemisphere including latin america, asia and africa

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15
Q

what are reasons for low GDP per capita

A

lack of money to invest in farming so few exports

people unable to work due to lack of healthcare

governments get little tax money so little to invest in education so population are mainly illiterate

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16
Q

how does being landlocked hold malawi back

A

no port to export or import goods

to get to the coast they have to travel on an 800km railway which resticts weight and is a slow and expensive process

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17
Q

how is rural isolation holding malawi back

A

has the highest % rural population in the world
much of rural malawi is isolated with poor infrastructure so is difficult to travel to markets

rural communications vary and few people have internet access or a phone

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18
Q

how is changing climate holding malawi back

A

water shortages as temperatures rise

food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought

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19
Q

how does increased pollution hold malawi back

A

risks human health

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20
Q

how are terms of trade holding malawi back

A

the value of their imports is higher than the value of their exports as they mainly export raw materials and import manufactured goods

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21
Q

how is colonisation holding malawi back

A

britain still owns some of malawi’s plantations eg unilever for things like pg tips but workers only get paid 1p per kg of leaves picked

22
Q

what is globalisation

A

the ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other

23
Q

what are 6 things that cause globalisation

A
  1. economic inter-dependance between countries
  2. increasing volumes and variety of trade
  3. increased spread of technology
  4. flows of investment into other countries
  5. outsourcing- using people in other countries to do services cheaper
  6. culture- global media companies spread 24 hour news
24
Q

what is foreign direct investment (fdi)

A

tnc’s basing factories in developing countires as labour is cheaper there. caused a global shift

25
Q

what is global shift

A

changing where manufactured goods are made from developed to developing countries

26
Q

deifne emerging country

A

one with high to medium huma development and recent economic growth

27
Q

how has indias location helped its development

A

located between the middle east and south east asia (world’s fastest growing economic regions)
half the world popualtion lives in china, south and southeastern asia which provides labour

28
Q

how is india socially significant

A

2nd largest population in the world that will probably be the largest by 2022
home to the worlds 4th and 5th largest cities
25% of urban population live in slums one of the worlds worst

29
Q

how is india politically significant

A

worlds largest democracy (most people registered to vote)

one of the founding members of the un and the G20

30
Q

how is india culturally significant

A

birthplace of hinduism, sikhism, buddhism and jainism

culturally diverse
one of the worlds most ancient cultures, hindu civilisations are over 5000 years old
worlds largest film industry

31
Q

how is india environmentally significant

A

richest biodiversity although this is threatened by population and economic growth
worlds 3rd biggest emitter of greenhouse gas

32
Q

what is a market economy

A

consumers and individual companies decide what people buy based on demand,
where goods can be made cheaply,
where investment in profits will make most profits

33
Q

why is it cheaper today to transport goods than in 1980 when fuel was cheaper

A

shipping- fuel efficiency means large ships aren’t that expensive to run, they only need one crew and can hold a lot of goods

containerization- easier and quicker to transport to ports, load and unload onto ships

aircraft- only 0.02% of uk imports arrive by air but they make up 15% of value

34
Q

what is the new economy

A

sometimes referred to as the knowledge economy as it relies on skilled, qualified people

35
Q

what are the social impacts of economic development

A

urban expansion- construction of single appartments
later marriage- women have careers so marry and have children later reducing fertility rate
population structure- changes as less younger age groups and lower dependancy ratio
social customs- in urban areas indians are free to marry outside of their caste

36
Q

what is the controversy surrounding garment workers

A

no shortage of people willing to work 100 hours a week for an average of £35
70% of employees are young women on minimum pay
many sweatshops discriminate against older women returning to work after having children

37
Q

how is indias economic growth possibly unsustainable

A

between 2000 and 2050 the large amount of babies born in the 1990s will be of working age so the economy will boom but by 2050 the population will be ageing and if birth rate falls further the dependancy ratio will increase

38
Q

where has maharashtras economic growth come from

A 
service industries
manufacturing 
2nd largest port in the country
booming construction industry 
bollywood
39
Q

what are the environmental impacts of growth

A

air pollution- old public transport, urban traffic, coal fired power stations
water pollution- poorly managed garbage and waste removal services
loss of biodiversity- land is needed for food

40
Q

what are 3 aspects of top down development

A

decision makers identifying a countrys needs or opportunities
experts planning change s
local people are told about plans but don’t have a say in whether or how they happen

41
Q

what is the sardar sarovar dam

A

one of the world’s largest dams
on the narmada river
aims to store monsoon rains during the dry season

42
Q

who benefits from the sardar sarovar dam

A

cities- it provides 3.5 billion litres of drinkin water daily and HEP

43
Q

who loses from the sardar sarovar dam

A

local residents- 234 villages have been flooded
local farmers- farming has been flooded, fertile sediment on flood plains is lost
west india- religious and historic sites flooded

weight of the large dam could trigger earthquakes

44
Q

what is bottom up development

A

where NGO’s work with communities and let them control their lives

45
Q

what is biogas

A

gas used for cooking and generating elecricity

46
Q

how does cow dung produce biogas

A

the dung is fed into a biogas plant that is then sealed so the dung can ferment to produce methane. as pressure builds, methane is piped into homes

47
Q

what are the benefits of biogas

A

smoke free kitchens- less lung infection
instant heat, quicker cooking
no ash, less cleaning
don’t have to gather wood or dung so girls can go to school
cattle are kept in family compound making dung collection easier
as dung ferments, microorgansims that cause disease are killed

48
Q

what are the causes of indias economci problems

A

tax rates on businesses are low to attract investment so tnc’s pay little tax so government has little money to pay for public services
gets little tax revenue as there are ways for people on high incomes to avoid tax

49
Q

what is gini coefficient

A

measure of inequality ranging from 0 to 1 with o being total equality and 1 being total inequality

50
Q

what is the corruptions perceptions index (cpi)

A

approximate measure of the level of corruption in a country with 100 being not at all corrupt

geography (6 decks)

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