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Geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What does GDP stand for

A

Gross domestic product

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2
Q

What is the GDP

A

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

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3
Q

What does HDI stand for

A

Human development index

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4
Q

What is the HDI

A

A number that is calculated using life expectancy, education level, and GDP per capita. Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

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5
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of births per woman

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6
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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7
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of babies born per 1000 per year

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8
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 babies born

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9
Q

Doctors per 1000 of population

A

The number of working doctors per 1000 of the population

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10
Q

Literacy rate

A

Percentage of people who can read and write

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11
Q

Describe developing countries population pyramid

A

Higher fertility and birth rates
High death rate
Low life expectancy
Lots more children than older people - wide base which rapidly narrows

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12
Q

Why do developing countries have higher fertility and birth rates

A

No use of contraception

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13
Q

Why do people in developing countries have lots of children

A

Poor healthcare means that many infants die

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14
Q

Describe an emerging countries population pyramid

A

Base starts to narrow and the top starts to widen compared to developing countries

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15
Q

Why do emerging countries see their fertility rates fall

Meaning the use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children

A

Women have a more equal place in society and a better education

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16
Q

Why does life expectancy increase in emerging countries

A

Better healthcare

More people of working age and there is a lower proportion of children

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17
Q

Describe the population pyramid of a developed country

A

The top of the pyramid widens further and the base gets narrower so the middle bulges out
There are lots more older people and the proportion of children decreases

18
Q

Why are fertility rates low in emerging countries

A

Because people want possessions and a high quality of life and may have dependent elderly relatives so there is less money available for having children

19
Q

Explain why life expectancy is high in developed countries

A

Good heath care, so the death rate is low

20
Q

What affects how developed a country is

A 
Health
Colonialism and neo-colonialism 
Education
Shape of land
Climate
 Economic and political
21
Q

How does climate affect how developed a country is

A

If a country has a poor climate (is really hot or really cold or really dry) not much will grow. Reducing the amount of food produced leading to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life.
Fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services reducing the quality of life

22
Q

How does the shape of land affect how developed a country is

A

If the land of a country is steep then it wont produce a lot of food. This has the same affect as poor climate
Landlocked countries limit the ability to trade

23
Q

How does education affect how developed a country is

A

Educating produces a more skilled workforce meaning the country can produce more goods and offer more services. Bring money into the country through trade or investment
Educated people earn more so they pay more taxes, providing money that the country can spend on development

24
Q

How does health affect how developed a country is

A

In poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean many people suffer from diseases such as cholera and malaria
People who are ill, cant work so theyre not contributing to the economy. May also need expensive medicine and health care
Lack of economic contribution and increased spending on health care means there’s less money to spend on development

25
Q

How does colonialism affect how developed a country is

A

Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised
These countries become dependent on other countries leading to famine and malnutrition

26
Q

How does neo-colonialism affect how developed a country is

A

After colonies gain independence, richer countries begin to control them indirectly. Eg. TNC’s exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries

27
Q

What does Rostows theory predict

A

How a country’s level of development changes over time

28
Q

What does Rostow’s theory do

A

Describes how a country’s economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry through secondary industry to tertiary and quaternary industry

29
Q

What is primary industry

A

Agriculture

30
Q

What is secondary industry

A

Manufacturing goods

31
Q

What is tertiary and quaternary industry

A

Services and research

32
Q

What are the levels of development in Rostows theory

A 
Traditional society
Preconditions for take-off
Take-off
Drive to maturity
Mass consumption
33
Q

What is traditional society of Rostows theory

A

Subsistence based
Farming, fishing and forestry
Little trade

34
Q

What is the preconditions take-off of Rostow’s theory

A

Manufacturing starts to develop
Infrastructure is built eg. Roads, power networks
International trading begins

35
Q

What is take-off in Rostows theory

A

Rapid, intensive growth
Large scale industrialisation
Increasing wealth

36
Q

What is drive to maturity in Rostow’s theory

A

Economy grows so people get wealthier
Standards of living rise
Widespread use of technology

37
Q

What is mass consumption in Rostows theory

A

Lots of trade
Goods are mass produced
People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption

38
Q

What does Frank’s dependency model suggest

A

That some poorer, weaker countries (the periphery) remain poor because they are dependent on the core countries (the ones that are richer and more powerful)

39
Q

Example of Frank’s dependency model

A

Poor countries encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. This means they need to import manufactured goods at higher cost from richer countries to provide for their own population.

40
Q

What is globalisation

A

The process of all the world’s systems and cultures becoming more integrated

Geography (5 decks)

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