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Geography > The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

How are igneous rocks formed

A

When molten rock (magma) from the mantle cools down and hardens.

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2
Q

Are igneous rocks soft or hard

A

Hard

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3
Q

Give examples of igneous rock

A

Granite

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4
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed

A

When layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock

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5
Q

What are the two main types of sedimentary rock in the UK

A

Carboniferous limestone and chalk from tiny shells and skeletons of dead sea creatures.
Clays and shales are made from mud and clay minerals

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6
Q

Give 2 examples of sedimentary rock

A

Limestone
Sandstone
Chalk
Clay

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7
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed

A

When other rocks (igneous, sedimentary or older metamorphic rocks) are changed by heat and pressure. The new rocks become harder and more compact

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8
Q

Are sedimentary rocks hard or soft

A

Both

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9
Q

Are metamorphic rocks hard or soft

A

Hard

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10
Q

What is weathering

A

The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces. It can be mechanical, chemical or biological

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11
Q

What is erosion

A

The process that wears away rock. During the last glacial period, ice eroded the landscape

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12
Q

What are post-glacial river processes

A

Melting ice at the end of glacial periods made rivers much bigger than normal with more power to erode the landscape. The ice also left distinctive landforms when it meltedb

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13
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

Waves crash against the rock and compress the air in the cracks. This puts pressure on the rock. Repeated compression widens the cracks and makes bits of the rock break off

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14
Q

What is abrasion

A

Eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against the rock, removing small pieces

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15
Q

What is attrition

A

Eroded particles in the water smash into each other and break into smaller fragments. Their edges also get rounded off when they rub together

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16
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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17
Q

What kind of rocks are more resistant to erosion

A

Hard rocks so it takes longer for them to be eroded

18
Q

What kind of rocks are less resistant to erosion

A

Soft rocks so they are eroded faster

19
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

When the alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coast

20
Q

What are discordant coastlines

A

When the alternating bands of hard and soft rock are at right angles to the coast

21
Q

What are destructive waves

A

Waves that carry out erosional processes

22
Q

What are destructive waves like

A

Weak swash
strong backwash
Very frequent

23
Q

What is a wave cut platform

A

Waves cause most erosion at the foot of a cliff, forming a wafe cut notch which is enlarged as erosion continues. The rock above the notch becomes unstable and eventually collapses. The material is washed away and a new wave cut notch starts to form. Repeated collapsing results in cliff retreating. A wave cut platform is the platform left behind as the cliff retreats

24
Q

What are headlands and bays

A

Where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast. The less resistant rock is eroded quickly and this forms a bay - bays have a gentle slope. The resistant rock is eroded more slowly and its left jutting out, forming a headland - headlands have steep sides

25
Q

How are caves, arches and stacks formed

A

Waves crash into headlands and enlarge the cracks - mainly by hydraulic action and abrasion. Repeated erosion and enlargement of the cracks causes a cave to form. Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland - forming an arch. Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch, until it collapses. This forms a stack

26
Q

What is longshore drift

A

Waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind. They usually hit the coast at an oblique angle. The swash carries material up the beach, in the same direction as the waves. The backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles back towards the sea. Material zigzags along the coast

27
Q

What is deposition

A

When material is being carried by the seawater is dropped on the coast.

28
Q

What are constructive waves

A

Waves that deposit more material than they erode

29
Q

What are constructive waves

A

Strong swash
Weak backwash
Low frequency

30
Q

Where do spits forms

A

At sharp bends in the coastline

31
Q

How do spits form

A

LSD transports sediment past the bend on the coastline and deposits in the sea. Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit forming a recurved end.

32
Q

How are bars formed

A

When a spit joins two headlands together. The bar cuts off the bay between the headlands from the sea. Meaning a lagoon can form behind the bar

33
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and rude flooding and erosion

34
Q

What is soft engineering

A

Schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

35
Q

What is a sea wall

A

A wall made out of a hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea

36
Q

What are the benefits of a sea wall

A

It prevents erosion of the coast. It also acts as a barrier to prevent flooding

37
Q

Costs of sea walls

A

It creates a strong backwash, which erodes under the wall. Sea walls are very expensive to build and maintain

38
Q

What are groynes

A

Wooden or stone fences that are built at right angles to the coast. They trap material transported by longshore drift.

39
Q

What are the benefits of groynes

A

They create wider beaches which slow the waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion. They’re a fairly cheap defence

40
Q

Costs of groynes

A

They starve beaches further down the coast of sand, making them narrower. Narrower beaches dont protect the coast as well, leading to greater erosion and floods

Geography (5 decks)

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