Geography > Development dynamics > Flashcards

Development dynamics Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Biogas

A

A gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as manure or sewage, in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a biofuel

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2
Q

Bottom-up development

A

Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non governmental organisations.

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3
Q

Cash crops

A

Crops sold for cash, directly from farmers to be exported and traded on global markets.

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4
Q

Caste-based society

A

The Hindu caste system defines someone’s status, a social custom found traditional rural villages in India m

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5
Q

Clark Fisher model

A

Theory produced by two economists Clark and Fisher that explains changes in employment structure as countries develop their economies.

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6
Q

Colonisation

A

When another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power

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7
Q

Commodities

A

Items of value that can be traded for money

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8
Q

Communism

A

A system of government,based on the theories of Karl Max, which believes in sharing wealth between all people

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9
Q

Core region

A

Areas within a country that are important economic hubs with high levels of employment and technological innovation

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10
Q

Cycle of poverty

A

A set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless intervention is made

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11
Q

Demographic data

A

All data linked to population e.g. birthrate death rate

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12
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The proportion of people below the age 0 to 14 and above over 65 normal working out the lower the number the greater the number of people work and are less dependent

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13
Q

Emerging countries

A

Country with high to medium human development and recent economic growth

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14
Q

Economic liberalisation

A

When a country economy is given the freedom of a ‘market economy’ consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand

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15
Q

Emerging economies

A

Countries that have recently industrialised progressing towards an increased role in the world economy

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16
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per woman

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17
Q

Footloose

A

Term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high quality communication links

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18
Q

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

A

Unrestricted flows of capital (money) from one country to another

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19
Q

Frank’s dependency theory

A

Theory developed by economist André Frank that describes development using two types of global regions: core and periphery

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20
Q

Global north

A

A group of wealthy countries found mainly in the northern hemisphere

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21
Q

Global south

A

A group of less wealthy countries found mainly in the Southern Hemisphere

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22
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

The total value of goods and services produced by country in one year

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23
Q

Globalisation

A

Increased connections between countries

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24
Q

High income countries(HICs)

A

Countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors

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25
Human development index (HDI)
A standard means of measuring human development
26
Industrialisation
Where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend on manufacturing industries instead
27
Infant mortality
Number of children per thousand live births you die before their first birthday
28
Infrastructure
The basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads railways power water supplies
29
Intergovernmental organisations(IGOs)
Governments and agencies working together
30
Into technology
Uses low tech solutions using local materials labour and expertise to solve problems
31
Irrigation
Is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place
32
Knowledge economy
And economy based on specialise knowledge and skill
33
Level of development
Means a country’s wealth (measured by its GDP)and its social and political progress e.g. education health care
34
Maternal mortality
Number of mothers per 100,000 to die in childbirth
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Life expectancy
Average number of years a person can expect to live
36
Low income countries(LICs)
Countries where employment is terminated by the primary sector e.g. forming
37
Middle income countries (MICs)
Countries dominated by the second sector (manufacturing)which often have large reserves of raw materials which has encouraged investment and growth e.g. Brazil and Chile
38
Multiplier affect
Where people or businesses move to an area and invest money in housing and services which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people
39
Neo-colonialism
New colonialism
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New economy
Economy based on the sales services rather than manufactured products
41
Newly industrialising countries
The name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop such as Hong Kong Singapore and Malaysia
42
Non-governmental organisations(NGOs)
NGOs work to make life better especially for for the poor. Oxfam the Red Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs
43
Outsourcing
Using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g. call centres
44
Population structure
The number of each sex in each age group e.g. 10 to 14 usually displayed in the population pyramid diagram
45
Primary products
Raw materials
46
Purchasing power parity
Shows what you can buy in each country now used to measure GDP
47
Rostow’s theory
Theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries
48
Quaternary resector
Employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill
49
Quintile
A group of five
50
Recently industrialising countries
Countries such as China and India which have recently industrialised
51
Rural urban migration
The movement of people from the countryside to the cities normally to escape from poverty and to search for work
52
Secondary products
Manufactured goods
53
Secondary sector
Employment based in manufacturing
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Subsistence farming
When farmers grow food to feed their families rather than to sell
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Tariff
Additional cost added to the price of traded goods
56
Terms of trade
Means the value of a countries exports relative to that of its imports
57
Top-down development
When decision-making about the development of a place is done by government or large companies
58
Transnational companies
Those which operate across more than one country
59
World trade organisation
A global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries easier
60
GDP
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year
61
Purchasing Power Parity
Shows what you can buy in each country now are used to measure GDP
62
Development indicators
Measures of how a country is improving
63
Poverty line
The minimum income required to meet someone is basic needs
64
Corruption perception index
It is devised to help investors work out where their money is safe. It uses a scale from 1 to 10
65
Human development index
A standard means of measuring human development
66
Convection currents
Currents which transfer heat from one part of a liquid or gas to another

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