development dynamics case study Flashcards
(18 cards)
india’s location
central location in indian ocean
enormous coastline over 7500km long - essential for trade
asia creates competition - rapid development of china, malaysia and indonesia has forced india to keep up
india’s social and political context aiding its growth
- world’s largest population of over 1.4 billion - more people = more potential workers (large labour force)
- world’s largest democracy - Prime Minister Modi is very popular / recently been re elected for a third term
india’s cultural and historical context aiding its growth
- world’s largest film industry - Bollywood, producing over 1200 films a year
- former British colony - strong links with Britain - around 30% of the pop can speak English
india’s relationships/location preventing its growth
- Himalayan mountain range / topography is a barrier to development in some areas of rural India (uneven development across the country)
- tensions with Pakistan over the Kashmir region - India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence.
why has FDI increased
- Economic liberalisation (pro-FDI policy) since the 1990s has encouraged TNCs to locate in India due to tax breaks
- Cheap labour in manufacturing industries has encouraged TNCs
- High proportion of English speakers in India have encouraged TNCs like Aviva to set up call centres
TNCs in india (AVIVA)
advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
- 1000s of jobs for people in Bangalore
- TNCs create a positive multiplier effect
Disadvantages
- Call centre jobs relocated from England, causing job losses
- Aviva will keep most profits so the TNC is the biggest winner not India or the locals
impact of globalisation on india
- exports increased by almost 20 times in 23 years
- a 500% increase in GDP
- reduced unemployment and poverty.
rural-urban migration
push/pull factors
PUSH factors
- social - poor housing conditions
economic - low wages or unemployment
PULL factors
- social - better housing and services, eg healthcare and education
economic - more jobs and higher wages
social impacts of economic growth
- higher levels of education amongst women, leading to later marriages and lower birth rates / fertility rates
- better healthcare access, leading to lower mortality rates and increased life expectancy.
economic impacts of economic growth
- increased employment in the textile industry (but wages are low / sweatshop / poor working conditions)
- increased employment opportunities for women.
environmental impacts of economic growth
- greenhouse gas emissions - India is the world’s third greatest emitter of CO2
- large urban unplanned settlements lack clean water and sanitation.
- 155th country out of 177 in a global ranking on environmental quality. This costs India around $80 billion per year (5.7% of its total economy)
uneven development case studies
bihar and maharashtra
bihar
- Annual income 54,000 (£500)
- 34 % of people live below poverty line
- Bihar has a total literacy rate of 69%
- Women = literacy rates at 51%
- Only 17% of residents have health insurance
maharashtra
Maharashtra (urban)
- Annual income of 215,000 rupees (£2000).
- 17% of people are in poverty
- Literacy rate is 84% / good access to healthcare is higher
top down development
Sardar Sarovar damm
Winners
- India’s cities – hydroelectric power (HEP) and the provision of water
Farmers – irrigation water for crops
Losers
- Local residents – Villages and farmland have been flooded by the dam.
- Western India – Religious and historic sites have been flooded.
bottom up development
- Biogas plants are pits that are filled with dung which ferments to produce methane.
Benefits - Cooking with gas is smoke-free, reducing respiratory illnesses.
- Girls have more time to go to school rather than collecting fuelwood.
- Slurry produced is a nutrient rich fertiliser.
india’s international role
- India is part of the BRICS countries which invest in infrastructure and development across the world
- India is part of the G20 group of the world’s largest economies.
India has committed to help resolve global problems such as climate change at COP conferences - India now supports investment through the World Bank in developing countries.
Future aspirations - A permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council. The Security Council has only five permanent members - China, France, Russia, the UK and the USA.
how has rapid economic development caused india’s international role to change
globally, india belongs to the G20 (group of the world’s largest economies)
india can help resolve global problems, e.g. climate change
india now supports investment through the world bank in developing countries
