Development of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Belle Unknown

Q

*CVS consists of the ____ function early when simple diffusion of nutrients can no longer supply the metabolic needs of the developing embryo

A

heart, blood vessels and blood cells

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Q

*Heart begins to beat on the ____ of incubation in chicken and on the ____ of gestation in man

A

2nd day

23rd day

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Q

*the mechanism involves the ____ and a later ____ which both mean the process of ____

A

early vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

blood vessel formation

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Q

The blood islands in the yolk sac consist of two types of primordial cells: ____ are hematopoietic that gives rise to blood cell lines & ____ (the angioblasts; angeion=vessel) give rise to the endothelial cells of the blood vessels

A

inner most cells

Outer cells

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Q

*Heart tube

At about 3rd week of gestation ____ from the ____ appear to form plexus of vessels lying deep to the horse-shaped prospective ____

A

angioblastic blood islands

splanchnic mesoderm

pericardial cavity

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Q

*Heart tube

These small vessels develop into paired ____

A

endocardial heart tubes

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Q

*Heart tube

Splanchnic mesoderm proliferates and develops into ____ which give rise to the
myocardium and the epicardium

A

epimyocardial mantle

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Q

*Heart tube

Bilateral endocardial heart tubes continue to develop and connect with a pair of vessels, the ____, located on either side of the midline

A

dorsal aortae

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Q

*Heart wall

____ and ____ growth of the embryo shift the endocardial tube medially, ventrally, caudally and fuse in the midline as single endocardial tube beneath the ____

A

Lateral and cephalic

foregut

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Q

*Heart wall

Endocardial tube is surrounded by ____
rich in hyaluronic acid that facilitates cell
movement on the subsequent remodeling of the endocardium

A

cardiac jelly

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Q

*Heart wall

The resulting heart tube is suspended in the pericardial cavity by ____ dorsally and _____ ventrally

A

dorsal mesocardium

ventral mesocardium

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Q

When the heart tube is formed, the embryo is in the ____; about 3mm in length; has 4-12 somites and neural tube is also forming, the heart begins to beat

A

4th week of gestation

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Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

As the heart tube fuses, several ____
appear. From the cephalic to posterior end, the bulges are: truncus arteriosus, conus arteriosus (bulbus cordis), primitive ventricle, atrium and sinus venosus

A

bulges and sulci

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Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

The veins connect to the heart tube via the ____ while the paired dorsal aortae arise
from the aortic arch which in turn arise from the aortic sac=the most cephalic end of the bulbus cordis

A

sinus venosus

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Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

The sulci present are the _____ between
the bulbo cordis and the ventricle, atrioventricular sulcus between the atrium and the ventricle

A

bulboventricular sulcus

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Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

With the convolution the _____ degenerates

A

dorsal mesocardium

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Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

With the process of convolution, the ____ flexure seen is between the bulbos cordis and ventricle

A

first

Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

The ____ that is formed shifts this region of the heart to the right and ventrally
The 2nd flexure = ____ is between the atrium and the ventricle and this region of the heart is shifted to the left and dorsally
As growth progresses, the atria shift cephalically

A

bulbo ventricular loop

antrioventricular loop

Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

Sinus venosus gradually shifts right to empty into the _____

A

right atrium

Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

____ is represented inside the heart as
the bulboventricular flange
The bulboventricular flange and the muscular interventricular septum begin to separate the ____ (becomes the left ventricle) from the ____ (becomes the right ventricle)

A

Bulboventricular sulcus

primitive ventricle

proximal bulbos cordis

Q

*Subdivisions of the Embryonic Tube

Atria continue to grow and bulge forward on the either side of the bulbus cordis, and shifts bulbus medially
With increased blood flow, the ____ regresses
Thus, primitive 4 chambered heart is formed and blood flows from the veins to sinus venosus, to atria, to ventricles, to conus, to truncus, to aortic sac, to dorsal aorta.

A

bulboventricular flange

Q

*Atrial septation

_____ develop in the dorsal (inferior) and
ventral (superior) walls of the heart which grow toward each other as cardiac jelly proliferates deep to the endocardium

A

Endocardial cushion

Q

*Atrial septation

At the same time there is a developing septum from the ____ that grows toward the cushion

A

dorsocranial atrial wall

Q

*Atrial septation

The septum primum, and the intervening space is called _____

A

foramen (ostium) primum

*Septation of the Heart At about ____, the heart begins to septate into 2 atria, 2 ventricles, the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

2nd month

*Atrial septation As the septum reaches the endocardial cushions closing the foramen primum, a 2nd opening = ____ appears in the septum primum

foramen secundum

*Atrial septation S2 (septum secundum) forms an incomplete partition (at right of foramen secundum) and leaves and opening called the ____

foramen ovale

*Ventricular Septation ____ (IV) grows as a ridge of tissue from the caudal heart wall toward the fused endocardial cushions

Muscular interventricular septum

*Ventricular Septation There remains an opening called ____ which closes by a ____, outgrowth of the inferior endocardial cushion and connective tissue from the muscular IV septum= memb IV septum

interventricular foramen conal ridge

*Septation of the Bulbus cordis ____ appear 1st as bulges in the truncus on the right superior and left inferior walls

Truncal swelling (ridges)

*Septation of the Bulbus cordis They enlarge and fuse in the midline to form the ____ which spirals as it develop distally separating the distal pulmonary artery from the aorta

truncal (aorticopulmonary) septum

*Septation of the Bulbus cordis * Same time the right dorsal and left ventral conal ridges form and fuse in the midline * ____ helps divide the proximal aorta from the pulmonary artery and contributes to the memb. IV septum

Conal septum

*Septation of the Bulbus cordis * Truncal and conal septa fuse to form a ___ degree spiral and form the aorta * Neural crest cells which migrate in that part contribute to _____

180 conal and truncal septa

*Cardiac Valve Formation ____ develop in the aorta and pulmonary artery as localized swellings of the endocardial tissue

Semilunar valves

*Cardiac Valve Formation * ____ develop as subendocardial and endocardial tissues projecting in the AV canal * These swellings are excavated from the ventricular side and invaded by muscle

AV valves

there is communication between the right and left atria which causes a left to right shunting of blood due to lower pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system * Consequently, there is a mixing of oxygenated (systemic) and deoxygenated (pulmonary) blood * Two types: primum type involves endocardial cushions and secundum type involving S1 or S2

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

the most common of all congenital heart defects * There is a massive left to right shunting of blood and pulmonary hypertension; absence of IV septum results in a common ventricle

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

condition wherein the aorta arises from the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk from the left * Anomaly is due to the failure of the trunco-conal swellings to grow in the normal spinal direction * There is also VSD and persistent ductus arteriosus, however, they make life possible as they provide a way for oxygenated blood to reach the entire body

Transposition of great vessels-

when trunco-conal swellings fail to grow * Single artery= the truncus arteriosus arise from both ventricles above the ventricular septal defect, allowing pulmonary and systemic blood to mix * Distally, the single artery divides into aorta and pulmonary trunk by an incomplete septum

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus-

results from a single error: the conus septum develops too far anteriorly giving rise to two unequally proportioned vessels= a large aorta and a smaller stenotic pulmonary trunk

Tetralogy of Fallot-

4 main characteristics of tetralogy of fallot:

* Pulmonary stenosis * VSD of the membranous portion * Overriding aorta * RV hypertrophy due to shunting of blood from L to R

the primitive heart tube folds to the left in a mirror of a normal bulboventricular loop * This usually occurs when all organ systems are reversed, a condition called situs inversus

Dextroaorta-