Development of the CNS

Question 1

what is important in the development of the CNS?

Answer 1

precise coordination and orchestration

Question 2

volgorde neuronal development

Answer 2

neural plate with ecotoderm surface aan buitenkant

neural groove with neural folds

neural crest tussen de folds

neural tube, met surface ectoderm erboven

Question 3

rostral

Answer 3

neus

Question 4

caudal

Answer 4

onderkant hoofd (cerebellum)

Question 5

3 soorten voorbrein

Answer 5

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 6

waar veranderen de 3 originele structuren in

Answer 6

prosencephalon -> telencephalon, diencephalon
mesencephalon -> mesencephalon
rhombencephalon -> metencephalon, myencephalon
spinal cord

Question 7

telencephalon

Answer 7

cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia

Question 8

diencephalon

Answer 8

epithalamus (pineal gland), dorsal thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

Question 9

mesencephalon

Answer 9

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral penduncles

Question 10

pons

Answer 10

nuclei, fibre tracts

Question 11

cerebellum

Answer 11

cerebellar cortex, cerebellar nuclei, cerebellar peduncles

Question 12

medulla oblongata

Answer 12

nuclei, fibre tracts

Question 13

brain flextures 1,2,3

Answer 13

1. cephalic flexure
2. cervical flexure
3. pontine flexure

Question 14

na hoelang is dit?

Answer 14

na 40 dagen

Question 15

which one increases the most in size?

Answer 15

telencephalon

Question 16

temporalisation =

Answer 16

covering the insula, hemispheric c-shape

Question 17

the surface of the telencephalon…

Answer 17

The surface of the telencephalon is very smooth, en het kan dus alleen over zichzelf heen vouwen. Door de vouwen kan er meer van het brein in een kleine region passen.

Question 18

wat is de insula?

Answer 18

The insula is the starting point of the production of the rest of the cortex.

Question 19

the human brain develops slowly…

Answer 19

dus daardoor kunnen environmental factors een invloed op het brein uitspelen. Ook leidt dit tot susceptibility for developmental disorders.

Question 20

definition age of onset

Answer 20

wanneer je de symptomen kan zien

Question 21

welke 3 disorders starten voor de adolescence?

Answer 21

autism, ADHD, intellectual disabilites

Question 22

welke kan het hele leven ongeveer door opkomen?

Answer 22

anxiety

Question 23

onset in 20-30 years

Answer 23

schizophrenia, substance abuse, mood disorders

Question 24

na 35

Answer 24

huntingtons disease, parkinsons, alzheimers

Question 25

hoeveel neurons ongeveer?

Answer 25

86.1 billion

Question 26

synaps pruning

Answer 26

12 tot 16 jaar

Question 27

hoeveel synapses per seconde

Answer 27

700.000

Question 28

maken van CNS eeste deel voor birth afgelopen

Answer 28

``` ventricular zone neurogenesis neuronal migration astrogliogenesis subplate zone TCA ingrowth into CP 6-layered grundtypus ```

Question 29

deel tijdens, deel na birth

Answer 29

astroglialgenesis oligodendrogenesis synaptogenesis

Question 30

na birth

Answer 30

myelination, synaptic pruning

Question 31

functional maturation of the CNS

Answer 31

dendritic outgrowth axonal outgrowth synapse formation myelination of axons

Question 32

tot wanneer duurt functional maturation

Answer 32

tot in early childhood

Question 33

6 cell layers of the neocortex

Answer 33

molecular layer ``` small pyramidal layer medium pyramidal layer granular layer larhe pyramidal layer polymorphic layer ```

Question 34

hoe wordt de cortex ontwikkeld?

Answer 34

INSIDE OUT.

Question 35

wat is het brein tov de spinal cord

Answer 35

omgekeerd (white matter bij hersenen binnen, bij spinal cord buiten)

Question 36

waar gaan de neuronen zich eerst verstigen?

Answer 36

in de onderste laag, de ventricular zone.

Question 37

wat krijg je zo?

Answer 37

een cohesive network.

Question 38

wat is de volgorde

Answer 38

``` 6 ventricular zone 5 subventricular zone 4 intermediate zone 3 subplate 2 cortical plate 1 marginal zone meninges ```

Question 39

glial cell genesis

Answer 39

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are derived from radial glia --> both generate and migrate trough first 3 years.

Question 40

tot wanneer gaat myelination door?

Answer 40

30 jaar

Question 41

waar gaat de myelination door?

Answer 41

in de fronto-parieto-temporal association cortex.

Question 42

myelin inhibits...

Answer 42

synaptogenesis and plasticity --> extended window for learning

Question 43

wanneer begint de synaptogenesis

Answer 43

na 8 weken, meestal eerst in cervical spinal cord (reflex)

Question 44

dendrite formation

Answer 44

begins after 15 weeks

Question 45

waar is synaptogenesis

Answer 45

in alle regio's

Question 46

transcriptome

Answer 46

spatiotemporal landscape of RNA species --> gives rise to the proteme

Question 47

regulome

Answer 47

DNA regulatory elements -> silencing or enhancing gene expression.

Question 48

epigenome

Answer 48

epigenetic features

Question 49

how many genes, protein coding and non-coding RNA

Answer 49

60.000, 19.000 protein coding, 25.000 not. rest are pseudogenes and regulatory elements

Question 50

epigenome werkzaamheden

Answer 50

DNA methylation | histon modification

Question 51

transcriptomes...

Answer 51

differ across time, space, sexes etc.

Question 52

micro RNA vs mRNA...

Answer 52

een gaat omhoog dan gaat de ander omlaag.

Question 53

long noncoding RNA

Answer 53

regulation of transcription