DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE, SKULL, and PALATE - SRS Flashcards

1
Q

Neuro exam one destroyed your class, and the second exam is exponentially more difficult…

A
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2
Q

From what… does the anterior portion of the skull form?

A

Neural crest

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3
Q

From what… does the posterior portion of the skull form?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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4
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Soft spots that allow for growth of skull postnatally.

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5
Q

What do fontanelles allow, specifically, to happen during birth?

A

Allow the calvaria to undergo changes in shape (molding) during birthing

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6
Q

What is this? What is it a subtype of? What is the cause?

A

a. Scaphocephaly, subtype of craniosynostosis
1. Early fusion of sagittal suture.
2. Skull is long (A-P) and narrow (transverse)

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7
Q

What is this condition? What is it a subtype of? What causes this?

A

a. Brachycephaly, a subtype of craniosynostosis
1. Early fusion of coronal suture
2. Skull is short (A-P) and wide (transverse)

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8
Q

What are the three paired facial prominences?

A

Frontonasal prominence

Maxillary prominence

Mandibular prominence

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9
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence develop into?

A

a. Forehead
b. Bridge of nose and nasal septum
c. Medial nasal prominences – apex of nose, philtrum of upper lip
d. Lateral nasal prominences – ala of nose

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10
Q

What does the maxillary prominence form?

A

a. Upper cheek
b. Lateral portions of upper lip

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11
Q

Mandibular Prominences contribute to what?

A

a. Chin, lower cheek region
b. Lower lip
c. Part of external ear

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12
Q

What does the upper lip develop from?

A

medial nasal prominences and maxillary prominences

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13
Q

What does the lower lip develop from?

A

mandibular prominences

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14
Q

Nasal placodes (thickening of surface of ectoderm) form on frontonasal prominence and then…

A

invaginate to form nasal pits

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15
Q

Describe the formation of the nose

A
  1. Nasal placodes (thickening of surface ectoderm) form on frontonasal prominence and then invaginate to form nasal pits.
  2. Mesenchyme surrounding the margins of the nasal pits proliferates to form the medial and lateral nasal prominences.
    a. Medial nasal prominences are pushed towards midline and will fuse with one another (forming the intermaxillary segment).
    b. The intermaxillary segment will fuse with the adjacent maxillary prominence to form upper lip.
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16
Q

What forms the nasolacrimal duct?

A
  1. The maxillary prominence fuses with the lateral nasal prominence along the nasolacrimal groove.
  2. The nasolacrimal duct forms from the ectoderm of nasolacrimal groove.
17
Q

What do the olfactory epithelium and CN I develop from?

A

Develop from nasal sac ectoderm

18
Q

The oronasal membrane ruptures by week 6, and is replaced by what?

A

palate

19
Q

What are do muscles of mastication develop from? What cranial nerve do they get?

A

1.Muscles of mastication from first pharyngeal arch (trigeminal n).

20
Q

What forms the muscles of facial expression? What is their innervation?

A

1.Muscles of facial expression from 2nd pharyngeal arch (facial n).

21
Q

What does the primary palate form from? What does it fuse with above and posteriorly?

A

Forms from intermaxillary segment

Above: nasal septum

Posteriorly: lateral palatine shelves

22
Q

What does the secondary palate form from?

A

Lateral palatine shelves form from maxillary prominences.

23
Q

What foramen is the landmark between the primary and secondary palates?

A

Incisive canal

24
Q

What is the most common craniofacial anomaly?

A

Clefts of the lip and palate

25
Q

What is the extent of a complete anterior cleft? What is this caused by?

A
  1. A complete anterior cleft extends through the lip, alveolar part of maxilla to incisive fossa, separating primary from secondary palate.
  2. Caused by failure of maxillary prominence to fuse with medial nasal prominence (intermaxillary segment).
26
Q

An anterior cleft is anterior to what?

A

The incisive foramen

27
Q

What is the median cleft due to? Is this common?

A

Failure of nasal prominences to merge (is rare)

28
Q

What is the posterior cleft posterior to?

A

Incisive foramen

29
Q

What causes the posterior cleft to form?

A

a.Lack of fusion of lateral palatine plates causes cleft palate and/or uvula.

30
Q

What is the extent of an oblique facial cleft?

A

1.Runs from mouth towards eye; results in nasolacrimal duct not being incorporated into face.

31
Q

What causes an oblique facial cleft?

A

1.Failure of maxillary process to fuse with lateral nasal prominence.

32
Q

What are most craniofacial defects from?

A

Disruption of neural crest cell migration or differentiation in the face.

33
Q

Describe the cause and extent of an oblique facial cleft.

Per Dr. Funk, this question is on the exam.

A

Failure of maxillary process to fuse with lateral nasal prominence.

Runs from mouth toward eye, results in nasolacrimal duct not being incorporated into the face.