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Flashcards in Development of the Spine Deck (5)
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1
Q

Function of Spine

A

Flexibility
Shock absorption
support for extremities and cranium
structural support for respiratory function

2
Q

Stages of Fetal Development

A

Pre-embryonic Period: first 3 weeks after fertilization

Embryonic Period: lasts from week 3 to week 8, development of organs

Fetal period: week 8 until term, maturation and growth of all structures

3
Q

Early Development

A

Skeletal, muscular, and neural development is related to the notochord

Cell proliferation occurs at 3 weeks–formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Proliferation of Mesoderm- formation of 29 pairs of somites, formed in 4th and 5th weeks
–Somites = pair of block like segments that give rise to mm and vertebrae on each side of notochord

Differentiation of Somites = 4 occipital, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 8-10 coccygeal somites

Proliferation of Somites- development of 3 areas

  1. Dorsal: cells become dermatomes = skin
  2. Medially: deep migration = skeletal mm
  3. Ventral and Medial: cells migrate to neural tube = sclerotome

Sclerotome- proliferate and differentiate giving rise to vertebral structures including rib buds
– Chrondification begins at CT level, extending cranially to caudally, allows for formation of solid cartilage model of vertebra with no line of demarcation btwen body, neural arch or rib rudiments

4
Q

Ossification

A

Ossification- primary and secondary centers

  • begins during late fetal period and continues after birth
    1. Primary: extend to spinous, transverse, and articular processess
    2. Secondary: develop at the upper and lower portions of vertebral body, tip of spinous process, and each transverse process
    • continues through adolesence, includes ribs

Ossification of axis, atlas, and sacrum:
Atlas: 2 primary and 1 secondary
Axis: 5 primary and 2 secondary, begins near the end of gestation with fusion of odontoid centers, completed in second decade of life
Sacrum: fusion begins in adolescence and completed in 3rd decade of life

5
Q

Spinal Growth

A

Occurs throughout adolescence

Does not proceed in a uniform linear pattern, however it is linear between 3 y/o to puberty

2 periods of rapid spinal growth:

  1. Birth-age 3
  2. Adolescent growth spurt

Spinal pubertal growth spurt occurs at different chronologic and tanner ages.
Females: Tanner 2, 8-14 y/o, max growth at 12 y/o, growth spurt lasts 2.5-3 years
Males: Tanner 3, 11-16 years, max growth at 14