Development of Urinary/Repro Systems (Exam 3)

Question 1

Urinary and reproductive systems develop from _________.

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

What are the exceptions to urinary and reproductive systems being derived from intermediate mesoderm? What are they derived from?

Answer 2

epithelium of urinary bladder + urethra
endoderm

Question 3

The ducts of the urinary and reproductive systems same a common cavity called:

Answer 3

urogenital sinus

Question 4

Intermediate mesoderm migrates ventrally and proliferates to form what?

Answer 4

nephrogenic cords

Question 5

The cranial portion of nephrogenic cords are (segmented/unsegmented) and the caudal portion are (segmented/unsegmented).

Answer 5

segmented
unsegmented

Question 6

The kidneys develop from what 3 pairs of systems?

Answer 6

1. pronephros
2. mesonephros
3. metanephros

Question 7

Term for clusters of cells connected to pronephric duct in development of kidneys that is nonfunctional.

Answer 7

pronephros

Question 8

Mesonephros consists of _______ tubules and mesonephric duct and is temporarily functional in some species.

Answer 8

excretory

Question 9

Mesonephros is functional and becomes the adult kidney in ______ and ______.

Answer 9

fish
amphibians

Question 10

Term for adult kidney of dual origin.

Answer 10

metanephros

Question 11

______ arises as the mesonephric duct evaginates dorsally.

Answer 11

ureteric bud

Question 12

What does the ureteric bud of the metanephros form?

Answer 12

collecting system

Question 13

The (proximal/distal) end of the ureteric bud of the metanephros expands to form the renal pelvic, calyces, and collecting tubules while the (proximal/distal) part forms ureters.

Answer 13

distal
proximal

Question 14

Process of collecting ducts continuing to branch

Answer 14

nephrogenesis

Question 15

When does nephrogenesis stop?

Answer 15

at birth

Question 16

(T/F) Kidney is regenerative.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Term that means the absence of one means the other cannot grow or differentiate.

Answer 17

reciprocal differentiation

Question 18

The two _____ primordia promote reciprocal differentiation.

Answer 18

kidney

Question 19

All reproductive structures in both sexes go through _________. What does this mean?

Answer 19

indifferent stages
means they resemble neither sex

Question 20

(T/F) All primordia of the reproductive system are present in both sexes.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Gonads begin as longitudinal condensations of intermediate mesoderm called ________.

Answer 21

genital ridges

Question 22

Cells of the developing reproductive system form ______ which are connected to surface epithelium and receive primordial germ cells.

Answer 22

primitive sex cords

Question 23

What encodes the testis-determining factor?

Answer 23

SRY gene

Question 24

The differential stage in formation of the gonads involves morphogenic changes of what 2 cell types?

Answer 24

cord cells
interstitial cells

Question 25

Cord cells differentiate into ______ that cause regression of the ______ duct which inhibits formation of female gonads.

Answer 25

sertoli cells paramesonephric

Question 26

Cords with the spermatogonia form what structures?

Answer 26

seminiferous tubules

Question 27

Cord cells near the mesonephric tubules form what structure?

Answer 27

rete testis

Question 28

Interstitial cells form _______ which produce what?

Answer 28

leydig cells testosterone

Question 29

Term for functional part of testis

Answer 29

medulla

Question 30

When do seminiferous tubules become patent?

Answer 30

sexual maturity

Question 31

What does testosterone induce during the differential stage of gonads?

Answer 31

sexual differentiation

Question 32

______ expands and becomes the functional part of the ovary.

Answer 32

cortex

Question 33

Sex cords in the developing ovary dissociate into clusters to form _______.

Answer 33

follicles

Question 34

Which duct degenerates in the development of the ovary?

Answer 34

mesonephric

Question 35

(T/F) A great number of germ cells fail to become incorporated into follicles and degenerate in the developing ovary.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Both ducts, _______ and _______, are present in the indifferent stage of the development of the genital system.

Answer 36

mesonephric paramesonephric

Question 37

What determines which duct is retained (whether mesonephric or paramesonephric)?

Answer 37

testicular hormones

Question 38

Mesonephric duct is also known as ______ duct and regresses in the (male/female).

Answer 38

Wolffian female

Question 39

Paramesonephric duct is also known as ______ duct and regresses in the (male/female).

Answer 39

mullerian male

Question 40

The mesonephric tubules connected to the rete testis form ________.

Answer 40

efferent ductules

Question 41

The cranial part of the mesonephric duct forms _______ while the caudal part forms _______.

Answer 41

epididymis ductus deferens

Question 42

Term for paired proliferations around cloacal membrane.

Answer 42

cloacal folds

Question 43

Cranially, the cloacal folds fuse to form _______. Caudally, they are subdivided into _____ and ____ folds.

Answer 43

genital tubercle urethral anal

Question 44

In the male, the genital tubercle elongates and forms ______.

Answer 44

phallus

Question 45

In the male, urethra folds fuse on midline and form _______.

Answer 45

penile urethra

Question 46

In the male, genital swellings fuse to form _______.

Answer 46

scrotal pouches

Question 47

In the male, genital raphe elongates which is the first external indication of what?

Answer 47

male embryo

Question 48

In the female, the genital tubercle becomes internalized and forms ______.

Answer 48

clitoris

Question 49

In the female, the urethral folds form ______.

Answer 49

labia

Question 50

The genital swellings in the female degenerate except what 2 species?

Answer 50

human rabbit

Question 51

Renal agenesis can occur due to absence of ________ or its interaction with ________.

Answer 51

ureteric bud metanephric blastema

Question 52

Renal ________ is due to abnormal development of metanephric blastema which leads to reduced kidney function.

Answer 52

dysplasia

Question 53

What is the initial sign of renal dysplasia?

Answer 53

osteodystrophy

Question 54

Anomaly due to lack of connection between nephrons and collecting ducts

Answer 54

polycystic kidney

Question 55

Polycystic kidney results in what?

Answer 55

kidney failure (destruction of renal tissue)

Question 56

Term for failure of one kidney to ascend

Answer 56

ectopic kidney

Question 57

Term for anomaly of fusion of caudal poles of kidney

Answer 57

horseshoe kidneys

Question 58

Term for anomaly due to malpositioned opening of ureter

Answer 58

ectopic ureter

Question 59

Ectopic ureters are a common cause of _______ in females.

Answer 59

urinary incontinence

Question 60

Anomaly due to incomplete occlusion of urachus and forms fistula

Answer 60

patent urachus

Question 61

______ most commonly form urachal fistulas.

Answer 61

foals

Question 62

Term for local area of patency of urachus

Answer 62

urachal cyst

Question 63

Term for distal patency of urachus

Answer 63

urachal sinus

Question 64

How do you manage patent urachus?

Answer 64

prophylactic

Question 65

Term for anomaly where male and female traits develop in the same individual

Answer 65

hermaphrodites

Question 66

A ______ hermaphrodite results from abnormal primary sex determination.

Answer 66

true

Question 67

A ______ hermaphrodite results when there are gonads of one sex and genitalia of the opposite sex.

Answer 67

pseudo

Question 68

Hermaphrodites most commonly develop in (males/females).

Answer 68

males

Question 69

Most common form of hormonally-altered sex differentiation

Answer 69

freemartin syndrome

Question 70

What does freemartin syndrome result in?

Answer 70

sterile intersex female born co-twin to normal male

Question 71

What is freemartin syndrome most common in?

Answer 71

cattle

Question 72

Freemartin syndrome is caused by anastomosing of _______ vessels which allows blood exchange between fetuses.

Answer 72

chorioallantoic

Question 73

2 hypotheses for freemartin syndrome

Answer 73

1. hormonal 2. cellular

Question 74

Term for failure of testicles to descend

Answer 74

cryptorchidism

Question 75

(Unilateral/bilateral) cryptorchidism is more common.

Answer 75

unilateral

Question 76

(Unilateral/bilateral) cryptorchidism leads to sterility with normal secondary sex characteristics.

Answer 76

bilateral

Question 77

Most anomalies of external genitalia are of _______ origin.

Answer 77

chromosomal

Question 78

Term for failure of urethral folds to fuse so urethra opens ventral to penis.

Answer 78

hypospadia

Question 79

Term for rare disease where urethra opens on dorsal surface of penis.

Answer 79

epispadia

Question 80

Primary sex determination is the determination of _______.

Answer 80

gonads

Question 81

What is a crucial factor in primary sex determination?

Answer 81

Y chromosome

Question 82

Secondary sex determination is determined by what?

Answer 82

gonadal hormones

Question 83

In the absence of gonads, _______ phenotype is generated regardless of XX or XY genotype.

Answer 83

female