Exam 1 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Development of complex, multicellular organisms
A
Developmental Anatomy
2
Q
2 types of development
A
ontogenetic
phylogenetic
3
Q
Ontogenetic development = transformation of ____ –> ____.
A
zygote –> new individual
4
Q
Phylogenetic development = transformation of ____ –> ____ organisms.
A
simple to complex
5
Q
Another term for developmental anatomy
A
embryology
6
Q
What is the most critical developmental stage?
A
embryo
7
Q
Stage of development from fertilization –> completion of organogenesis
A
embryo
8
Q
Term for “pregnancy” in vet med
A
gestation
9
Q
Term for “birth” in vet med
A
parturition
10
Q
Term for establishment of major organ primordia
A
organogenesis
11
Q
Organ primordia
A
= earliest recognizable stage of organ
12
Q
Development stage that is remainder of prenatal development devoted to growth, differentiation, maturation of body systems
A
fetus
13
Q
Fetus = remainder of prenatal development devoted to what 3 things in terms of body systems?
A
- growth
- differentiation
- maturation
14
Q
What system is first to form in embryo?
A
nervous sytsem
15
Q
What system is first to form in embryo?
A
nervous system
16
Q
3 phases of earyl development
A
- gametogenesis
- cleavage
- gastrulation
17
Q
Term for “differentiation + maturation of primordial germ cells into gametes”
A
gametogenesis
18
Q
Origin of germ cells is from the ______ of the yolk sac.
A
endoderm
19
Q
Term for maturation of primordial germ cells into female gametes
A
oogenesis
20
Q
Primordial germ cells within female embryonic gonad
A
oogonia
21
Q
Oogonia continue mitotic divisions in the ovary until _____ and then they stop.
A
birth
22
Q
(T/F) All oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes.
A
False - some
23
Q
Primary oocytes enter ______ and remain in “resting” stage until when?
A
meiosis I
sexual maturity
24
Q
Many oogonia and primary oocytes undergo what process?
A
apoptosis
25
When some oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes, they go from _____ to ____.
diploid to haploid
26
At birth, only ______ oocytes are found in the ovary.
"resting" primary oocytes
27
Ovulatory hormones stimulate completion of meiosis I resulting in (diploid/haploid) (primary/secondary) oocyte and ______.
haploid
secondary
polar body
28
What enters meiosis II?
ovulated secondary oocyte
29
Completion of meiosis II occurs only if _____ occurs.
fertilization
30
In the dog/fox, _____ are released at ovulation.
primary oocytes
31
2 types of ovulation
spontaneous OR induced
32
What 3 species have induced ovulation? (need copulation)
cats, rabbits, camels
33
Term for "maturation of primordial germ cells into male gametes"
spermatogenesis
34
Spermatogonia continue (meiosis I/meiosis II/mitosis) then enter "resting" stage until when?
mitosis
sexual maturity
35
At sexual maturity, spermatogonia differentiate into _______.
primary spermatocytes
36
Meiosis I can be completed at any time resulting in what?
2 equal haploid secondary spermatocytes
37
Order of sperm development (4)
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes
spermatids
sperm cells
38
Secondary spermatocytes complete (meiosis I/meiosis II/mitosis) and form into ___(#) (diploid/haploid) ______s.
4 haploid spermatids
39
Term for "maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa"
spermiogenesis
40
Spermiogenesis is maturation of ______ into mature, motile _____.
spermatids
spermatozoa
41
Term for "functional maturation of spermatozoa in female genital tract necessary for fertilization"
capacitation
42
(T/F) All spermatogenesis stages are found in animals since it is a continuous process.
True
43
What 3 things occur (morphogenetic processes) when forming spermatozoa?
1. lose cytoplasm
2. get tail
3. produce lysozyme
44
Spermatogenesis is a (intermittent/continuous) process.
continuous
45
Fusion of gametes --> zygote occurs in ______.
uterine tube
46
Put fertilization steps in order:
1. fusion of gametes membranes
2. penetration of zona pellucida
3. integration of genetic material
2
1
3
47
3 results of fertilization
1. restore to diploid
2. sex determination
3. initiate cleavage
48
What species has homogametic males? What is the chromosome type?
birds, snakes, some insects
ZZ
49
Female bird, snake, some insect female chromosomes
ZY
50
What determines crocodile/turtle sex?
incubation temp of eggs
51
Term for "mitotic division of zygote"
cleavage
52
A spherical mass of cells formed by rapid mitotic cell divisions
morula
53
(T/F) The size of the embryo changes over time.
False!
54
Why doesn't the size of the embryo change over time?
zona pellucida is still present
55
Zona pellucida prevents ____ and ____.
adherence
embryo rejection
56
Single layer of cells lining central cavity
blastocyst
57
When zona pellucida degenerates, _____ follows.
implantation
58
(T/F) Time and form of implantation differ among species.
true
59
______ is an outer, single-cell layer that forms the fetal membranes (embryonic part of placenta).
trophoblast
60
What is the central core of cells that forms the embryo?
inner cell mass
61
3 other roles of trophoblast cells
attachment
maternal recognition
pregnancy
62
Cells of the inner cell mass delaminate and form ______ surrounding the trophoblast.
hypoblast
63
Hypoblast cells become _________ (forms yolk sac).
extraembryonic endoderm
64
Remaining inner cells above the hypoblast form ______.
epiblast
65
The epiblasts split to form what 2 things?
extra-embryonic epiblast
embryonic epiblast
66
What split of epiblast lines amniotic cavity?
extra-embryonic
67
What split of epiblast is a source of all 3 embryonic germ layers?
embryonic epiblast
68
2 derivates of ectoderm
epidermis
nervous system
69
Derivatives of mesoderm
cardiovascular system
urinary + genital systems / blood cells
most connective + muscular tissues
70
Derivatives of endoderm
digestive + respiratory tract
urinary bladder
tympanic cavity
parenchyma of thyroid + parathyroid
71
Term for germ layers formation
gastrulation
72
Embryonic epiblast cells on the midline form the _______.
primitive streak
73
What are the 2 roles of the primitive streak?
1. establish longitudinal axis of embryo (cranial/caudal)
2. master organizer of mesoderm
74
Term for establishment of nervous sytem
neurulation
75
2 steps in neurulation
1. notochord --> form neural plate
2. neural plate folds fuse --> neural tube
76
3 roles of notochord
1. inductor of CNS
2. supporting structure for embryo
3. formation of vert column
77
Term for temporary communication of neural tube with amniotic cavity
neuropores
78
Neural tube differentiates to form what 2 things?
brain vesicles + spinal cord
79
_______ break free from the crest of the neural plate.
neural crest cells
80
Derivatives of pluripotent crest cells
ganglia
adrenal medulla
melanocytes
CT of head/face
81
The paraxial mesoderm becomes segmented into paired _____.
somites
82
What is the foundation of metameric (segmental) organization of the body?
somites
83
Intermediate mesoderm differentiates into _____.
urogenital structures
84
Lateral plate mesoderm divides into what 2 layers?
dorsal layer w/ ectoderm --> parietal pleurae/peritoneum
ventral layer w/ endoderm --> visceral pleurae/peritoneum
85
What is the space between the dorsal & ventral layers which form parietal/visceral pleurae?
intraembryonic body cavity (coelom)
86
Parietal pleurae = ______.
Visceral pleurae = ______.
somatic
splanchnic
87
Match cylindrical body form to part of body
Outer tube
Inner tube
Space between
body wall
primitive gut
body cavity
88
Term for "ectodermal thickenings in head region which form sensory organs"
placodes
89
Term for "aggregations of mesoderm in neck region"
pharngeal arches
90
What is the most outstanding event in early development?
growth
91
Differential growth account for ______.
diversity of form
92
(T/F) Growth rate of different part are relatively constant within same species.
True
93
5 factors that control growth
1. constitutional
2. nutritional
3. hormones
4. vitamins
5. growth-arresting
94
Term for "development of specialized cell types" that is antagonistic to growth
differentiation
95
Term for "group of cells direct differentiation of other cells" (essential part of cell differentiation)
induction
96
2 stages of cell differentiation
1. uncommitted (totipotent)
2. committed (pluripotent)
97
Stage in cell differentiation where cell has restricted developmental potential
committed (pluripotent)
98
The uncommitted (totipotent) cell differentiation stage is until the _____ stage.
8-cell morula
99
2 phases of commitment for cell differentiation
specification
determination
100
Phase of commitment where cell can differentiate independently
specification
101
Term where differentiated cell can be "re-programmed" to give rise to any cell type.
cloning
102
Phase of commitment that is irreversible
determination / "conditional" commitment
103
Stages of cell differentiation is critical in development of ____.
identical twins
104
Term for "mass of cells becomes a structure"
morphogenesis
105
What is a subset of cells forming an organ?
morphogenic field
106
Each morphogenic field is controlled by _____.
tissue-master genes
107
Which morphogenesis process is important for developing identical twins?
cell splitting (cells delaminate + re-aggregate to form new layers)
108
What morphogenetic process is essential for shaping complex organs?
cell death (apoptosis)
109
Study of abnormal development
teratology
110
Study of abnormal mechanisms of development
teratogenesis
111
Any agent that induces defects during development
teratogen
112
Any structural, functional, metabolic, behavioral disorder present at birth
congenital abnormality
113
Term for "alteration of formed structures from destructive processes"
disruptions
114
Term for abnormal development due to mechanical forces
deformations (deformities)
115
Congenital abnormalities are usually caused by both ____ and ____ factors.
genetic + environmental
116
(T/F) Congenital abnormalities are poorly reported in animals compared to humans.
True
117
Congenital abnormalities can be ____ or ____.
structural or functional
118
4 manifestations of congenital abnormalities
death
malformation
growth retardation
functional defect
119
What body system is most often seen which congenital anomalies?
musculoskeletal system
120
In humans, congenital anomalies are almost always associated with what acronym?
VACTERL group
vertebral
anal
cardiac
tracheal
esophageal
renal
limb
121
What is the most critical determining factor of abnormal development
what stage of development it occurs
122
3 stages of development which abnormal development can occur
1. pre-differentiation
2. differentiation
3. advanced morphogenesis
123
Which stage in development is where there is maximum susceptibility for structural abnormalities?
stage of differentiation
124
(T/F) The earlier the insult, the more severe the consequences of congenital anomalies.
True
125
2 causes of abnormal development
embryo genotype
maternal conditions
126
Term for extra chromosome (XXY karyotype)
trisomy (klinefelter syndrome)
127
Example of male cat abnormal chromosomes which leads to infertility, gonadal dysgenesis, phenotypic male
male tortoise-shell (XXX karyotype)
128
Turner's syndrome is a (monosomy/trisomy) in the (male/female) with a ___ karyotype.
monosomy
female
XO
129
Which karyotype is lethal? Why?
YO
because X chromosome has mitochondrial DNA
130
What is a physical environmental factor causing congenital anomalies?
ionizing radiation
131
What should avoid exposure to radiation?
pregnancy animals
132
Use _______ drugs cautiously in pregnant animals. (chemical factor)
cytotoxic
133
______ given to pregnant animals could be an environmental factor which leads to congenital anomalies.
live-vaccines (can sometimes revert back)
134
What structure is most commonly affected by plant toxins (environmental factor for congenital anomalies)?
appendicular skeleton (joints)
135
Term for developmental failure
agenesis / aplasia
(absence of certain body part to form)
136
Developmental excess in number
poly/supranumerary
137
Term for incomplete development
hypoplasia
138
Term for increase in mass by NUMBER of cells
hyperplasia
139
Term for increase in mass by SIZE of cells
hypertrophy
