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MCAT BIO > Development, Reproduction > Flashcards

Development, Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tube

A

Notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating tube. Tube becomes CNS

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2
Q

Neural crest

A

On top of neural tube, differentiate into many tissues

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3
Q

Moro reflex

A

Extends arms, then slowly retracts them and cries to sensation of falling

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4
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Big toe is extended and other toes fan in response to brushing of foot

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5
Q

Interstitial cells (of Leydig)

A

Secrete T and other male sex hormones (androgens)

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6
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourish sperm

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7
Q

Seminal vessicles

A

Contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid

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8
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Produce clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates urethra during sexual arousal

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis produces ___ from a spermatogonium

A

4 haploid sperm

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10
Q

Acrosome

A

Head of sperm, modified golgi apparatus that contains enzymes to help sperm fuse and penetrate ovum

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11
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

Generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondria

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12
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect oocyte and contain compounds for sperm binding

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13
Q

Corona radiata

A

layer of cells that adhere to the oocyte during ovulation

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14
Q

GnRH

A

released from hypothalamus, causes release of FSH and LH

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15
Q

Male FSH

A

Stimulates sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis

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16
Q

Male LH

A

Causes interstitial cells to produce T

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17
Q

Female FSH

A

Stimulates development of ovarian follicles

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18
Q

Female LH

A

causes ovulation, with FSH stimulates estrogen and progesterone production

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19
Q

Follicular phase

A

GnRH secretion stimulates FSH and LH, promoting follicle development
E is released, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of decidua

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20
Q

Ovulation

A

Stimulated by sudden surge of LH. Occurs because estrogen stops having negative feedback effects at a certain threshhold and begins showing positive feedback

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21
Q

Luteal phase

A

LH promotes ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone that maintains uterine lining
High E and P levels cause neg feedback on GnRH FSH, LH

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22
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin.
LH analogue, maintians corpus luteum.
Levels drop off after first trimester as placenta takes over P production

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23
Q

Morula

A

Solid mass of cells in early development

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24
Q

Chorion

A

contains chorionic villi, which penetrate endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood

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25
Allantois
Early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk sac
26
Amnion
Just inside chorion and produces amniotic fluid
27
Ectoderm
Becomes epidermis, hair, nails, and epithelia of nose and mouth and anal canal, as well as nervous system and lens
28
Mesoderm
Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory systems. Gonads, connective tissue, adrenal cortex
29
Endoderm
Epithelial linings of the respiratory digestive tracts, and parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tracts
30
Neurulation
Development of nervous system, after formation of germ layers
31
Notochord
Induces a group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds --> neural groove
32
Totipotent cells
able to differentiate into all cell types, including three germ layers and placental structures
33
Pluripotent cells
can differentiate into all three of the germ layers and their derivatives
34
Multipotent cells
Able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types
35
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which also assists in the transfer of oxygen into fetal circulatory system
36
Foramen ovale
connects right atrium to left atrium, bypassing lungs (fetus)
37
Ductus arteriosus
Connects pulmonary artery to aorta, bypassing lungs (fetus)
38
Ductus venosus
Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, bypassing liver
39
Ampulla of fallopian tube
location of fertilization
40
dizygotic twins
Fertilization of two eggs by two different sperm
41
Monozygotic twins
splitting of a zygote into two. Distinguished by shared placenta
42
Trophoblast
Becomes placental structures
43
Inner cell mass
Becomes developing organism
44
Placenta
Blastula implants in endometrial lining to form it
45
Chorion
Contains chorionic villi, penetrate endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood
46
Gastrulation
archenteron is formed with blastopore at the end. Archenteron grows through blastocoel, contacts other side and establishes germ layers
47
Neurulation
Development of nervous system, after formation of germ layers
48
Teratogens
Substances that interfere with development, causing defects or death of embryo (alcohol, drugs, viruses, bacteria, environmental chemicals
49
Morphogens
Promote development down a specific cell line
50
Determination
Commitment to a specific cell lineage, which may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or by morphogens
51
Differentiation
Changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its line
52
Apoptotic blebs
Can be absorbed and digested by other cells. Protects insides from causing issues outside the cell
53
Senescence
Result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes: most notably, the shortening of telomeres during cell division
54
Umbilical veins
Carries oxygenated blood from placenta back to fetus
55
Umbilical arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
56
First trimester
Organogenesis (heart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver, brain)
57
Second trimester
Tremendous growth, movement, face distinction, digits
58
Third trimester
Rapid growth, brain development, transfer of antibodies
59
Things during birth
Cervix thins out, amniotic sac ruptures. Uterine contractions, coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin result in expulsion of fetus. Placenta and umbilical cord follow
60
``` Which will have the greatest nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio? 8 cell embryo Morula Blastula Zygote ```
Blastula. Stage with greatest amount of cells during development
61
What germ layer forms the notochord
Mesoderm
62
Influence of a specific group of cells on differentiation of another group is called:
Induction
63
Telomerase
Prevents cell death/ apoptosis
64
Order of early developmental milestones during embryogenesis
Morula --> Blastula --> Gastrula

MCAT BIO (9 decks)

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