Sensation, perception

Question 1

Weber’s Law

Answer 1

JND for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and that porportion is constant over most range

Question 2

Signal detection theory

Answer 2

Effects of nonsensory factors, like experiences motives and expectations, on perception of stimuli

Question 3

Cornea

Answer 3

Gathers and filters incoming light

Question 4

Iris

Answer 4

Divides front of eye into anterior and posterior chambers. Contains dilator and constrictor pupillae, open and close pupil

Question 5

Lens

Answer 5

Refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held by suspensory ligaments connected to ciliary muscle

Question 6

Aqueous humor

Answer 6

Produced by ciliary body, drains through canal of Schlemm

Question 7

Macula

Answer 7

Mostly contains cones, especially in fovea at the center

Question 8

Bipolar cells

Answer 8

Rods and cones synapse on these, which synapse on ganlglion cells

Question 9

Sclera

Answer 9

White, structural part of eye

Question 10

Vitreous

Answer 10

Bulk of eye on the inside

Question 11

Visual pathway

Answer 11

Eye, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, LGN of thalamus, visual radiations, visual cortex

Question 12

Parvocellular pathway

Answer 12

Top four layers of retina-geniculate-striate pathway
80% of its retinal ganglion cells
Detect shape, High spatial, low temporal resolution

Question 13

Magnocellular pathway

Answer 13

20% of retinal ganglion cells
Receives input from rods mostly,
Low spatial, high temporal resolution

Question 14

Ossicles

Answer 14

MIddle ear
Malleus, incus, stapes
footplate of stapes rests on oval window. Connected to nasal cavity via Eustachian tube

Question 15

Bony labrynth

Answer 15

Inner ear. Contains membranous labrynth. Filled with perilymph

Question 16

Membranous labrynth

Answer 16

Contains endolymph, and consists of cochlea, utricle and saccule and semicircular canals

Question 17

utricle and saccule (otoliths)

Answer 17

Detect linear acceleration
Utricle: horizontal
Saccule: vertical

Question 18

Semicircular canals

Answer 18

Detect rotational acceleration (head)

Question 19

Kinesthetic sense

Answer 19

Proprioception. Ability to tell where your 3d location is

Question 20

Law of Pragnaz

Answer 20

Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, symmetric as possible

Question 21

Information processing model

Answer 21

Brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer

Question 22

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 22

Sensorimotor: manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions (object permanence), preoperational: symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration, concrete operational: understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects,
formal operational: abstract thought, problem-solving

Question 23

Functional fixedness

Answer 23

Tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem-solving

Question 24

Heuristics

Answer 24

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

Question 25

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 25

light sleep dominated by theta waves

Question 26

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 26

slightly deeper and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes

Question 27

Stage 3/4

Answer 27

Deep (slow-wave) sleep. Delta waves predominate on EEG | Sleep disorders occur here NREM sleep

Question 28

REM

Answer 28

paradoxical, mind appears close to awake on EEG, but person is asleep

Question 29

Melatonin

Answer 29

Released by the pineal gland, result in sleepiness | Cortisol helps promote wakefulness

Question 30

Dyssomnias

Answer 30

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea,

Question 31

Parasomnia

Answer 31

Night terror, sleep walking

Question 32

Depressants

Answer 32

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, promote GABA activity in the brain

Question 33

Stimulants

Answer 33

Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. Increase dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin concentration at synaptic cleft

Question 34

Opiates

Answer 34

Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone.Can cause respiratory depression

Question 35

Hallucinogens

Answer 35

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms

Question 36

Marijuana

Answer 36

Depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic effects | active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 37

Mesolimbic pathway

Answer 37

mediates drug addiction, includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is main NT

Question 38

Nativist theory

Answer 38

Explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by language acquisition device

Question 39

Learning theory

Answer 39

Explains language acquisition as being caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others

Question 40

Whorfian hypothesis

Answer 40

lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

Question 41

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 41

connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area | damage results in conduction aphasia

Question 42

Conduction aphasia

Answer 42

inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

Question 43

Photopic vision

Answer 43

High illumination, facilitated by cones to generate colored perceptions of high acuity

Question 44

Scotopic vision

Answer 44

Low illumination, facilitated by rods to generate sensitive but less detailed perceptions

Question 45

What is responsible for perceiving edges

Answer 45

Rods in retina, there are waaaay more

Question 46

General ratio of rods to cones in eye

Answer 46

120mil to 6 mil so 20:1

Question 47

High frequencies create more stimulation at which point of basilar membrane, and where in Sylvian fissure

Answer 47

Closer to base of cochlea, deep into Sylvian fissure

Question 48

Low frequencies create more stimulation at which point of basilar membrane, and where in Sylvian fissure

Answer 48

Apex of cochlea , shallow region of Sylvian fissure called Heschl's gyrus

Question 49

Alpha delta fibers

Answer 49

Myelinated axons of medium diameter that are responsible for conducting information about temperature and fast pain

Question 50

Retinal is derived from _____

Answer 50

Vitamin A

Question 51

Upon absorbing a photon, retinal converts to its ___ form, which triggers a series of reactions which ultimately closes the _____ and the cell (hyper/de)polarizes

Answer 51

All-trans form. Sodium channel, hyperpolarizes

Question 52

Rods and cones release NT ___ onto bipolar cells when depolarized in the dark

Answer 52

Glutamate (inhibiting them from firing)