Developmental Diseases: Morphology

Question 1

Failure of closure of Fetal Grooves and Fissures

Answer 1

A defect in closure of the neural tube. Resulting conditions can include anencephaly, encephalocele, and spina bifida resulting in failure of formation of the overlying dorsal portion of the vertebra.

Types include meylomenigeocele, meningocele, spina bifida occulta

Question 2

Failure of Closure of Fetal Grooves and Fissures:

Spina Bifida

Answer 2

A neural tube defect resulting in spinal cord malformation and failure of formation of the overlying dorsal portion of the vertebra.

Spina Bifida occulta:

there is a bony change in one or more vertebra, but it does not affect nerves withing the spinal column.

Question 3

Severe Microencephaly with Meningoencephalocele

Answer 3

This is one manifestation of a neural tube defect

Question 4

Hard Patale, Cleft

Answer 4

“Cleft palate”

“Palatoschisis”

Question 5

Ectopic cordis

Answer 5

Question 6

Duplications:

Diphagus

Answer 6

Two jaws

Question 7

Polydactyly

Answer 7

Additional Digits

Question 8

Con-joined Twins (-pagus)

Answer 8

-pagus = suffic for con-joined twins, idicating fixed or united

Cephalothoracopagus

Fusion of hte head and thorax of conjoined twins

Question 9

Parapagus

Answer 9

Con-joined twins taht lie side-by-side with ventrolateral fusion

Dicephalic parapagus

Question 10

Lack of coordination of growth and dfferentiation

Answer 10

Development is a highly corrdinated process where cells must grow, undergo apoptosis, and differentiate n an orchestration and well defined sequence

Question 11

Holoprosencephaly

Answer 11

Failure of proper differentiation of the embryonic forebrain(prosencephalon)

Features vary widely from microencephaly, hydrocephalus, facial anomalies, and clefts, cyclopia, single upper incisor

Question 12

Schistosomus reflexus

Answer 12

A syndrome with multiple malformations including:

• Spinal inversion
• Ventral midline abdominal viscera
• arthrogryposis/ankylosis
• Hypoplasia of the diapragham and lungs

Variable features include cleft sternum and exposure of thoracic viscera, scoliosis, and digestive urogenital defects

Question 13

Amorphous Globosus

Answer 13

A spherical fetus that lacks differentiation of phenotypic body parts.

Inner part of the mass consists of various degrees of differentiation of mesodermal and ectodermal tissues

Question 14

Developmental Disease: Morphology

Answer 14

Musculoskeletal system examples:

Amelia

Hemimelia

Arthrogryposis

Chondrodysplasia

Osteopetrosis

Question 15

Limb Aplasia (Amelia)

Answer 15

Absence or near absence of a limb or limbs

Question 16

Hemimelia

Answer 16

The absence of all or part of the distal part of the limb

Question 17

Hemivertebra

Answer 17

Half of the vertebral body fails to form, often resulting in a wedge-shaped vertebra.

Common cause of scoliosis

Question 18

Scoliosis

Answer 18

Lateral deviation of the spine

Sideways curvature

Question 19

Kyphosis

Answer 19

Dorsal/ventral deviation of the spine - Hunchback

Question 20

Arthrogryposis

Answer 20

Flexure or contrature of a joint

Question 21

Syndactyly

Answer 21

Conjoined digits

Question 22

Brachygnathia

Answer 22

Shortening of the mandible relative to the maxilla

Question 23

Prognathia

Answer 23

Lengthening fo the mandible relative to the maxilla

Question 24

Chondrodysplasia

Answer 24

Abnormal development of cartilage.

This results in short long bones and spine (dwarfism)

It is a normal phenotypic trait in certain dog breeds.

Question 25

Osteopetrosis

Answer 25

A disorder characterized by increased bone density and abnormal bone remodeling (Due to decreased osteoclast dysfunction) Although thickened, the bone is fragile and predisposed to fractures Excess bone can compress normal structures and tissues

Question 26

Developmental Diseases: Morphology: Nervous system examples

Answer 26

Anencephaly Microencephaly Hydrocephalus Hydranencephaly

Question 27

Anencephaly

Answer 27

A neural tube defect where all or part of the brain and skull are absent

Question 28

Microcephaly

Answer 28

The head is smaller than normal, often a smaller incompletely developed brain

Question 29

Hydrocephalus

Answer 29

Excessive fluid in the ventricles of the brain. Gyri and sulci are still present on the cerebrum.

Question 30

Hydranencephaly

Answer 30

Failure of formation of parts of the cerebrum Gyri and Sulci are typically not present

Question 31

Developmental Diseases: Morphology: Cardiovascular System

Answer 31

Patent Ductus arteriosus Septal defects Aortic/pulmonic stenosis Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 32

Aortic and Pulmonary Stenosis

Answer 32

A narrowing of the aortic or pulmonary valves which restricts blood flow. Ventricular hypertrophy will be a secondary event.

Question 33

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 33

The ductus arteriosus, connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery, doesnt close after birth, allowing oxygenated blood in the aorta to flow back into the pulmonary artery/lungs, creating excessive blood flow into the lungs

Question 34

Truncus Arteriosus

Answer 34

Failure of separation of the aorta and pulmonary artery, resulting in a single common vessel, with a single common valve

Question 35

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 35

4 defects A combination of pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, orverriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy **_Overriding Aorta_** the aorta is shifted slightly to the right and lies directly above the ventricular septal defect, receiving blood from both the right and left ventricles

Question 36

Ventricular Septal defects

Answer 36

Incomplete formation of the interventricular septum. Resulting in holes that allow communication between the right and left ventricles

Question 37

Developmental Disease: Morphology: Reproductive System

Answer 37

Intersex conditions Segmental hypoplasia or aplasia Freemartins

Question 38

Hermaphrodites

Answer 38

Individuals with both ovarian and testicular tissue and ambiguous external genitalia. Chromosomes have both male and female components.

Question 39

Pseudohermaphrodites

Answer 39

individuals with mismatched reproductive organs and external genitalia Named for the reproductive parts the have, not on external genitalia

Question 40

Freemartinism

Answer 40

Twining of a heifer and a bull calf, in which there has been sharing of a common bood supply. The male hormones inhibit female reproductive tract development.

Question 41

Uterus, Segmental aplasia/hypoplasia

Answer 41

Question 42

Developmental Disease: Morphology: Integumentary System

Answer 42

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta Ichthyosis Hypotrichosis collagen dysplasia

Question 43

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

Answer 43

Absence of epithelium is discrete areas of the skin and mucosa, most often present over the distal extermities. These defects can also occur in the oral cavity and tongue

Question 44

Hypotrichosis

Answer 44

A reduction in the amount of hair

Question 45

Collagen Dysplasia

Answer 45

A group of diseases of the connective tissue that results in reduced strenght of the affected structures. Cutaneous asthenia Ehlers-danlos-like syndrom Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 46

Ichthyosis

Answer 46

A term for a group of conditions characterized by thick, dry scaling skin, which sometimes resembles "fish scales"