Developmental Issues and Tasks Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Cause: Extra copy of chromosome 21.
Physical features: Flattened face, almond-shaped eyes, short neck, small ears, single crease across the palm.
Cognitive/developmental: Mild to moderate intellectual disability, delayed speech and motor skills.
Health issues: Heart defects, hearing loss, thyroid problems, risk of leukemia and Alzheimer’s
A
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
2
Q
Cause: Male has an extra X chromosome.
Physical features: Taller than average, reduced muscle mass, sparse facial/body hair, small testes.
Cognitive/developmental: Learning difficulties, especially with language; may have social challenges.
Health issues: Infertility, low testosterone, osteoporosis, possible breast development (gynecomastia).
A
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
3
Q
Cause: Mutation on the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.
Physical features: Long face, large ears, prominent jaw/forehead, flat feet.
Cognitive/developmental: Moderate to severe intellectual disability, speech delays, autism-like behaviors.
Behavioral traits: Anxiety, hyperactivity, poor eye contact, repetitive actions.
A
Fragile X Syndrome
4
Q
Cause: Female is missing one X chromosome or part of it.
Physical features: Short stature, webbed neck, low hairline at the back of the neck, broad chest.
Cognitive/developmental: Normal intelligence, but may struggle with spatial reasoning or math.
Health issues: Ovarian failure (infertility), heart and kidney problems, delayed puberty.
A
Turner Syndrome (XO)
5
Q
Cause: Male has an extra Y chromosome.
Physical features: Taller than average, often normal appearance.
Cognitive/developmental: Usually normal intelligence; may have learning difficulties and delayed speech.
Behavioral traits: Sometimes associated with impulsivity or attention issues.
A
Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY)
6
Q
Cause: Extra chromosome 18.
Physical features: Small head and jaw, clenched fists with overlapping fingers, rocker-bottom feet.
Cognitive/developmental: Severe intellectual disability, growth deficiency.
Health issues: Major heart and organ defects; most infants do not survive beyond the first year.
A
Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
7
Q
Cause: Extra chromosome 13.
Physical features: Cleft lip/palate, small or missing eyes, extra fingers/toes (polydactyly).
Cognitive/developmental: Severe intellectual and physical disabilities.
Health issues: Heart defects, brain abnormalities; very low survival rate (many die within weeks or months).
A
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
8
Q
Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract
A
Cystic Fibrosis
9
Q
Does not produce enough insulin
A
Diabetes
10
Q
Delayed blood clotting
A
Hemophilia
11
Q
CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline
A
Huntington’s
12
Q
Build up of Phenylalanine in the body
A
Phenylketonuria
13
Q
Limits body oxygen supply
A
Sickle-Cell Anemia
14
Q
Incompletely closed spinal canal
A
Spina Bifida
15
Q
Accumulation of lipids in the NS
A
Tay-Sachs Disease
16
Q
Absence of brain tissue
A
Anencephaly
17
Q
Enlarged kidneys
A
Polycystic Kidney Disease
18
Q
Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy
A
Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
19
Q
Severe anemia; nearly all die soon after birth
A
Alpha Thalassemia
20
Q
Sever Anemia; fatal in adolescence or young adulthood
A
Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
21
Q
Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation
A
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
22
Q
difficulty controlling muscle movements
A
Cerebral Palsy
23
Q
weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth
A
Low Birth Weight Infants
24
Q
less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
A
Very Low birth weight
25
Less than 2 pounds
Extremely Low Birth Weight
26
born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)
Pre-term Infants
27
those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
Small for Gestational Age Infant
28
born less than 28 weeks gestation
Extremely Preterm
29
Less than 33 weeks
Very preterm
30
fetal DNA is extracted from the mother’s blood and tested for early detection of genetic problems
Prenatal cell-free DNA Scans
31
overly trusting and gullible, unrealistic, spoiled
Sensory Maladjustment
32
never trust anyone, paranoid, neurotic, depressive
Withdrawal
33
What is maladaptive tendency for infancy?
Sensory Maladjustment
34
What is malignant tendency for infancy?
Withdrawal
35
What is maladaptive tendency for toddler?
Impulsiveness
36
What is malignant tendency for toddler?
Compulsiveness
37
shameless willfulness that leads to jump into things without proper consideration, reckless, inconsiderate
Impulsiveness
38
perfectionism, rule follower, anal, constrained
Compulsiveness
39
– extra assistance provided by their parents’ reminder and prompts to complete the task
- only in the presence of the parents
Situational Compliance
40
– they were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention
- even without the parents
Committed Compliance
41
eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent, not only in disciplinary actions, but in variety of daily interactions
Receptive Cooperation
42
the courage to envision and pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilt or fear of punishment
Purpose
43
Maladaptive tendency during play age
Ruthlessness
44
Malignant tendency during play age
Inhibition
45
don’t care who they step in just to achieve their goals
Ruthlessness
46
too much guilt to do anything so nothing would happen
Inhibition
47
adoption of characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex
Identification
48
awareness of one’s own gender and that of others, which typically occurs ages 2 and 3
Gender Identity
49
awareness that gender does not change
Gender Stability
50
the realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut and plays with trucks, typically occurs between ages 3 and 7
Gender Constancy
51
it views children as actively extracting knowledge about gender from their environment before engaging in gender-typed behavior
Gender-Schema Theory
52
- broad, inclusive selfconcepts that integrate various aspects of the self
She can compare her real self with her ideal self and can judge how well she measures up to social standards in comparison with others
Representational Systems
53
Maladaptive tendency during school age
Narrow Virtuosity
54
Malignant tendency during school age
Inertia
55
children that aren’t allowed to “be children” and push into one area of competence
Narrow Virtuosity
56
suffer from inferiority complexes
Inertia
57
Significant person during infancy
mother
58
Significant person during toddlerhood
Parents
59
Significant persons during early childhood/play age
Family
60
Significant persons during middle childhood/schoo age
neighborhood and school
61
receive an average no of both positive and negative nominations
Average children
62
infrequently nominated as bestie but not really disliked
Neglected children
63
disliked by peers
Rejected children
64
frequently nominated both bestie and most disliked
Controversial children
65
frequently nominated as bestie and rarely disliked by peers
Popular children
66
- aimed at achieving an objective
- Proactive (Cold Aggression)
- View force and coercion as effective ways to get what they want
- Very common in kids
Instrumental Aggression
67
- intended to hurt another person
- Reactive (hot aggression)
- Direct Aggression
Hostile Aggression
68
quickly conclude, in ambiguous situations that others were acting with ill intent and are likely to strike out in retaliation or selfdefense
Hostile Attributional Bias
69
Maladaptive tendency during adolescence
Fanaticism
70
Malignant tendency during adolescence
Repudiation
71
believes that his “ways” are the only ways
Fanaticism
72
repudiate (reject) their membership in the world of adults and, even more, they repudiate their need for an identity
Repudiation
73
sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends or companions
Fidelity
74
Emerging adulthood offers __________ – time out from developmental pressures and allow young people the freedom to experiment various roles and lifestyles
Moratorium
75
name for the process that underlies the shift to an adult identity
Recentering
76
Individual is still embedded in the family of origin, but expectations for self-reliance and self-directedness begin to increase
Stage 1: Beginning
77
Individual remains connected to but no longer embedded within the family of origin
Stage 2: During
78
Marked independence from the family of origin and commitment to a career, a partner, and possibly children
Stage 3: Usually by Age 30
79
self-conscious crisis that ideally leads to a resolution and identity achievement status
Moratorium
80
theoretical approaches that hold that adults follow a basic sequence of agerelated psychosocial changes
Normative-Stage Models
81
Maladaptive tendency during young adulthood
Promiscuity
82
Malignant tendency during young adulthood
Exclusion
83
tendency to become intimate too freely, too easily (marupok)
Promiscuity
84
tendency to isolate oneself from everyone
Exclusion
85
holds that the course of development depends on when certain events occur in people’s lives
Timing-of-Events Model
86
seeks to complement and expand trait research by looking at personality functioning whole
Typological Approach
87
well-adjusted, self-confident, articulate, attentive, helpful, Cooperative, task-focused
Ego-resilient
88
have positive views in relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned about romantic relationships
Secure Attachment Style
89
hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once they do, they distance themselves to their partners
Avoidant Attachment Style
90
demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
Anxious Attachment Style
91
- Planning the retirement
- Critical time for setting up for success in retirement
- Imagining ideal retirement, take stock for health, assess finances, building support network, decide when to retire
- begin to think seriously about the life they want for themselves in retirement and whether they are financially on track to achieve it
Pre-Retirement
92
makes the transition from full-time work to retirement they’ve planned
Retirement
93
- Enjoy newfound freedom and retirement
- positive phase when retirees get to enjoy the fruits of a lifetime of labor
- Can also be a time of anxiety and uncertainty because they feel purposeless
Honeymoon Phase
94
They may experience some of the emotional downsides of retirements such as loneliness, disillusionment, and a feeling of uselessness
Disenchantment Phase
95
- Redefining yourself and finding new purpose in retirement
- Reassessing priorities
- Great opportunity for self-discovery
- people try to figure who they are and map their place in the world as a retiree
Reorientation
96
- Growth and contentment with new identity in retirement, and finding equilibrium
- Settling into a new normal
- Accepted retirement identity and created a daily routine that works for them
Stability Phase
97
involved finding meaning through contributing to society and leaving a legacy for future generations
Generativity
98
disconnected from the communities because of their failure to contribute
Stagnation
99
Maladaptive tendency during middle adulthood
Overextension
100
Malignant tendency during middle adulthood
Rejectivity
101
they no longer allow themselves to relax and rest
Overextension
102
no longer participating or contributing in the society
Rejectivity
103
changes in personality and lifestyle during middle forties
Midlife crisis
104
psychological transition that involves significant change or transformation in the perceived meaning, purpose, or direction of a person’s life
Turning point
105
involves recognizing the finiteness of life and can be a time of taking stock, discovering new insights about the self, and spurring midcourse corrections in the design and trajectory of one’s life
Midlife Review
106
the ability to adapt flexibly and resourcefully to potential source of stress
Ego Resiliency
107
physical characteristics, cognitive abilities, and personality traits are incorporation into identity schemas
Identity Process Theory
108
views the development of self as a continuous process of constructing one’s life story
Narrative Psychology
109
- feature redemption and associated with psychological well-being
- Increase in positive emotions through early adulthood to old age
Generativity Scripts
110
adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy in a two-way relationship
Filial Crisis
111
caught in squeeze between the competing needs of their own children and the emerging needs of their parents
Sandwich Generation
112
giving caregivers some time off
Respite Caee
113
grandparents that provides care but don’t become foster parents or gain custody, have no legal status and few rights
Kinship Care
114
60 - 75 years old is considered
Young Old
115
75 - 85 years old is considered
Old-Old
116
85 years old and older is considered
Oldest Old
117
Thos in the 80s are considered
Octogenarian
118
Thos who are over 100 years old are called
Centenarian
119
older adults who cannot care for themselves
Frail Elderly
120
- cells simply lose their capacity to replicate themselves
- Telomeres become shorter as the cell divides
- cells can divide for no more than 50 times
Hayflick Limit
121
Aging also may be influenced by specific genes “switching off” after age-related losses occur
Programmed Senescence Theory
122
biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging
Endocrine Theory
123
programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death
Immunological Theory
124
Aging is an evolved trait thus genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher rates than genes that extend lives
Evolutionary Theory
125
aging is the results of random processes that vary from person to person (Error theories)
Variable-Rate Theories
126
Accumulated damage from oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to stop functioning
Free-Radical Theory
127
the greater an organism’s rate of metabolism, the shorter its life span
Rate-of-Living Theory
128
immune system becomes confused and attacks its own body cells
Autoimmune Thoery
129
undesirable chemical bonds form between proteins and fats which cannot assume the correct shape for proper function, leading to effects such as wrinkling of the skin and arterial rigidity
Cross-Linking Theory
130
For Erik Erikson, the crowning achievement of late adulthood is – need to evaluate and accept their lives so as to accept death
Ego Integrity
131
informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself
Wisdom
132
Maladaptive tendency during old age
Presumption
133
presumes ego integrity without actually facing the difficulties of old age
Presumption
134
Malignant tendency during old age
Disdain
135
contempt of life, one’s own or anyone’s
Disdain
136
evaluative process in which elders make judgments about their past behaviors
Life Review
137
- psychologically and physically healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in greatest possible number of roles
– the more active older people are, the better they age
Activity Theory
138
- aging has three aspects: shrinkage of life space, increased individuality, acceptance of these changes
– normal part of aging involves gradual reduction in social involvement and greater preoccupation with the self
Disengagement Theory
139
- primary means by which elders adjust to aging is engaging in the same kinds of activities that interested and challenged them in their earlier years
– people’s need to maintain connection between past and present is emphasized, and activity is viewed as important, not for its own sake but because it represents continuation of previous lifestyle
Continuity Theory
140
- involves developing abilities that allow for maximum gain as well as developing abilities that compensate for decline and could lead to loss
- Older adults conserve resources by selecting meaningful goals, optimizing the resources they have to achieve it, and compensating for the losses by using resources in alternative ways to achieve their goals
Selective Optimization with Compensation
141
brief storage of sensory information
Sensory Memory
142
short-term storage of information being actively process
Working Memory
143
linked to specific events; most likely to deteriorate with age
Episodic Memory
144
consists of meanings, facts, and concepts accumulated over lifetime learning; little decline
Semantic Memory
145
motor skills and habits that once learned; relatively unaffected by age
Procedural Memory
146
few minutes after the heart stopped pumping
Clinical Death
147
a person no longer has reflexes or any response to vigorous external stimuli and no electrical activity in the brain
Brain Death
148
when other people treat a deceased person like a corpse
Social Death
149
personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill
Hospice Care
150
includes relief of pain and suffering, controlling of symptoms, alleviation of stress, and attempts to maintain a satisfactory quality of life
Palliative Care
151
specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death
Terminal Drop/Terminal Decline
152
mourner goes high to low distress
Recovery Pattern
153
moderate or elevated initial grief, and symptoms worsen over time
Delayed Grief
154
distressed for a long time
Chronic Grief
155
the mourner shows a low and gradually diminishing level of grief in response to the death of a loved one
Resilience
156
belief that bad things happen to others but not to themselves
Unique Invulnerability
157
human’s unique understanding of death, in concern with self-preservation needs and capacity for fear, results in common emotional and psychological responses when mortality, or thoughts of death are made salient
Terror Management Theory
158
good death, intended to end suffering or to allow terminally ill person to die with dignity
Euthanasia
159
involves withholding or discontinuing treatment that might extend the life of a terminally ill patient such as life support
Passive Euthanasia
160
“mercy killing” involves action taken directly or deliberate to shorten life
Active Euthanasia
161
contains instructions for when and how to discontinue futile medical care
Advance Directive
162
appoints another person if the maker of the document becomes incompetent to do so
Durable Power of Attorney
163
a process of reminisce that enables a person to see the significance of his or her life
Life Review
164
person rejects evidence about diagnosis
Denial/Positive Avoidance
165
person maintains an optimistic attitude and searches for more information about the diseases
Fighting Spirit
166
person acknowledges the diagnosis but makes no effort to seek any further information, or person ignores the diagnosis and carries on normal life as much as possible
Stoic Acceptance
167
mourner experiences disbelief, confusion, restlessness, feelings of unreality, a sense of helplessness
Numbness/Shock
168
bereaved person tries to recover the lost person, may actively search or wander as if searching, may report that he sees the dead person, mourner feels full of anger, anxiety, guilt, fear, frustration, may sleep poorly and weep often
Yearning/Awareness
169
acceptance of loss brings depression and despair or a sense of helplessness, accompanied by great fatigue and a desire to sleep all the time
Disorganization and Despair
(Conservation/Withdrawal)
170
individual takes control again, some forgetting occurs, and some sense of hope emerges
Reorganization (Healing and Renewal)
