Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BOARDS2: Visual and human development > Developmental Milestones > Flashcards

Developmental Milestones Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

According to the AOA, when should an infant his first eye exam

A

6 months
3 years
and prior to starting school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Resolution visual acuity reaches adult levels by what age

A

3-5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

on average, a child is supposed to start walking

A

12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

treatment for a baby with intermittent eye turns

A

remember that door the first 2 months of life, the eyes are not always working together, and infantile ts may have an ocular deviation that is present for short periods of time. In this case, Bruckerns, CT, versions, and the Hirschberg test did not show any abnormalities or asymmetry between the eyes. Thus the infant has a normal short term ocular deviation that will resolve with age. The infants parents should be educated to watch for an increase in frequency of the eye turn, especially if the same eye always turns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

NLDO

A

may be congenital or acquired in nature. Congenital NLDO most often occurs due to membranous blockage of the valve of hasner. This usually spontaneously opens 1-2 months after birth. Conservative treatment (massage and erythromycin) for the first 6-13m of age. If spontaneous resolution of the blockage does not occur, nasolacrtimal duct probing is indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

concerning ocular signs in an infant

A 
excessive tearing
red, crusty eyelids
constant eye turn 
white pupil 
extreme photophobia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

average refractive error and VA in newborns

A

+2.00D (+/- 0.75) and 20/600

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

astigmatism and newborns

A

average of 2.00D ATR at 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

emmetropization

A

after birth this occurs, where the eye loses 30D of power to reach a refractive state of emmetropia.

describes the processes that occur in the eye after birth to reach a refractive state of emmetropia. These processes include increasing the axial length from an average of 16mm (90D) in the newborn to 24mm (60D) in an adult, and decreasing the power of the cornea and lens. Typically stops around 18m of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

abnormal hyperopia for infants

A

> 3.50D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

abnormal amount of hyperopia for 1-7yo

A

> +2.00D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

abnormal amount of hyperopia for 8-12yo

A

> +1.50D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

spatial VA is usually ____ by 1 year

A

20/50-20/60

does not reach adult levels until about 3-5 years of age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

resolution acuity can be measured using

A

OKN, teller acuity cards, or VEP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vernier acuity

A

ability to detect a misalignment of two lines. It is the slowest type of visual acuity to develop and does not reach adult levels until 6-8 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what tests can be performed for infants and toddlers (birth to3m)

A

teller, cyclo ret, near ret, Krimsky/Hirschberg, Bruckerns, versions, palpation IOPs, 20D lens and penlight for AS exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what tests can be performed for preschool age kids

A

lea chart, HOTV, broken wheel, Allen pictures, american optical pictures, landolt C, tumbling E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

age of maturity for CFF ( temporal vision)

A

4 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

age of maturity for scotopic luminosity

A

4-7 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

age of maturity for ptohotpic luminosity

A

4m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

age of maturity for accommodation

A

3m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

age of maturity for vergences

A

6m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

age of maturity for pursuits/saccades

A

4-6m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

age of maturity for stereo

A

6m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
age of maturity for contrast
7-9yr
26
age of maturity for color vision
3-4m
27
age of maturity for grating acuity
3-4yr
28
age of maturity for vernier acuity
6-8yr
29
survival reflexes
- suckling reflex-when anobjepct is inserted into the mouth, the baby starts sucking on it. This is necessary for the baby to feed and is involuntary until 2m - rooting reflex-if you stroke the newborns cheek, he will turn his head in the same direction as the cheek and open his mouth
30
non survival reflexes in newborn
``` palmar grasp babinski reflex plantar grasp placing stepping fencing ```
31
any infants who demonstrate primitive reflexes after the age of _____ should be tested further for developmental delays
1 year
32
motor development: 5m
raise their head from a lying position and are able to roll over onto their back from their stomach
33
motor development: 7m
start to creep. They also transition to the pincer grasp
34
motor development: 9-10m
infants start to crawl (moving on theoir hands and knees) and cruise (can walk a few steps if holding onto furniture
35
motor development: 12m
walking on own, throw items with good release, turn pages of book, hold a spoon, and build a tower with 2 blocks
36
motor development: 15m-2y
walk backwards, climb up and down stairs if someone holds their hand, jump, and scribble on paper
37
motor development: 2y
walk up stairs on their own with two feet on one step, run faster, open doors, kick a ball, and build a tower with 7 blocks
38
motor development: 3y
can manipulate buttons and scissors, walk up the steps like an adult, build a tower with 10 blocks, and draw a circle.
39
motor development: 5y
copy a circle (3 yrs), a cross (3.5y), a square (4y), and a triangle (5yr)
40
motor development: 6y
begin to vary. some develop skills for specific sports, while others develop fine motor skills to play instruments
41
4 stages of cognition
1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2y) 2. pre-opreational stage (2-7y) 3. concrete operations stage (7-12y) 4. formal operations stage (12y and >)
42
sensorimotor stage
birth to 2y the Childs cognitive understanding is shaped by his immediate experiences 1. birth to 1m: primitive 2. primary circular reaction: repeating behavior that has something happen by chance with own body 3. secondary circular reaction: repeat behavior on external object to understand consequences 4. coordination of schemes: appreciates consequences from certain behavior and mimics people. goal oriented behavior 5. tertiary circular reactions: understands cause and effect relationships 6. Beginnings of symbolic thought: create memories and can also solve problems cognitively object permanency occurs at the end of this stage.
43
pre-opreational stage
2-7 y - understand object permanency - new language - egocentrism - sense and time - conservation (quantity does not change if shape changes) - reversibiltiy
44
concrete operational stage
7-12y more understanding of conservation and reversibility understand multiple aspects of an object do not think in abstracts less egocentric
45
formal operations stage
12y and > abstract reasoning and more logical thoughts
46
emotional development
closely linked to social development. they must first learn to show their own emotions before they can learn to react and HOW to react to emotions of others in different situations. Developing relationships first with caregivers and then with other non family members, furthers the emotional development of infants as they transition into toddlers when they learn the rules and values of society that govern emotions and relationships.
47
emotional development: 3m
smile at human faces | immediate emotional reactions to current situations
48
emotional development: 4-5m
smile only at faces they recognize, they will not smile at strangers. By this stage, tinfants have begun to develop a sense of self, allowing them to develop strong relationships with caregivers that they now recognize are separate from themselves
49
emotional development: 10m
learned to moderate their emotions instead of responding immediately to a certain situations learn how to interact with caregivers by signaling or gesturing to them
50
emotional development: 2 yr
secondary emotions: beyond anger, fear, surprise, and joy | shame and defiance
51
emotional development: 5y
controlling impulses appropriate behavior comply to parents wishes gender roles
52
emotional development: 6-12y
sense of competence and feelings of success. Peer interaction very important at this stage and almost rivals the importance of family loyal friendship development
53
premature
less than 35 weeks
54
low birth weight
less than 5.5lbs
55
denver II
social personal fine motor gross motor function language
56
batelle
another common screening test for developmental delays
57
3m
looks at face, follows moving objects started by loud sounds, smiles at familiar voices, turns head towards sound hands open and close, lifts head and chest when placed on stomach excited by happy stimuli
58
6m
palmar grasp, reaches for small objects single syllable words grabs own feet, rolls from front to back, Sits alone takes everything to mouth. response to others emotions
59
1 yr
pincer grasp between forefinger and thumb. looks for missing toys understands several words, imitates sounds crawls on belly and begins to walk. Pulls self up to stand cries when mom and dad leaves. show preference for people toys etc
60
2y
scribbles, can draw line, builds tower out of blocks, starting to use one hand over the other points to objects when named know s several words by 18m kicks a ball and begins to run. climbs up and down furniture, walks alone bladder control during the day. enjoys other children. defiance
61
3y
copies a circle, knows colors knows name, age, sex. Asks lots of questions, speaks in sentences run, jump, stand on one foot imitates adults and playmates, eats with utensils
62
4y
copies cross and square , can draw people understands the concept of same and different. knows rules of grammar, tells stories skips, runs, and plays games cooperates with other kids, understands rules, more independent

BOARDS2: Visual and human development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions