Developmental Periods And Terminology

Question 1

When is the embryonic period?

Answer 1

0-8 weeks

Question 2

When is the foetal period?

Answer 2

9-40 weeks

Question 3

When is the developing foetus most prone to deformation?

Answer 3

In the embryonic period

Question 4

When is the neonatal period?

Answer 4

0-4 weeks post natal

Question 5

When is infancy?

Answer 5

4-52 weeks postpartum

Question 6

When is childhood?

Answer 6

2 years - puberty

Question 7

When is adolescence?

Answer 7

11-19 years

Question 8

When does adulthood begin?

Answer 8

Around 19 years

Question 9

What is the purpose of the Carnegie stages of development?

Answer 9

To standardise the developmental stages across species

Question 10

What are the 5 early events in embryology?

Answer 10

1- gametogenesis
2 - fertilisation
3 - cleavage
4 - gastrulation
5 - formation of the body plan

Question 11

What is the organogenesis?

Answer 11

Formation of the organ systems that occurs in an overlapping timeline

Question 12

What does cranial refer to?

Answer 12

The brain end

Question 13

What does caudal refer to?

Answer 13

The tail end

Question 14

What does dorsal refer to?

Answer 14

Towards the back

Question 15

What does ventral refer to?

Answer 15

Towards front

Question 16

What does the transverse cut divide?

Answer 16

Cranial and caudal ends

Question 17

What does sagittal cut?

Answer 17

Between right and left

Question 18

What does the coronal cut?

Answer 18

Into ventral and dorsal

Question 19

What is cell division?

Answer 19

The increase in the number of cells to influence shape and growth

Question 20

What is differentiation?

Answer 20

Changes in appearance and structure to specialise cells

Question 21

What is cell attachment?

Answer 21

Development of physical and functional linkages to allow formation of tissue

Question 22

What is apoptosis?

Answer 22

Programmed cell death to create space and cavities within the body

Question 23

What is induction?

Answer 23

The ability of cells to cause others to differentiate through chemical signals

Question 24

What is cell migration?

Answer 24

Movement between locations

Question 25

What are the secondary processes of development?

Answer 25

Axis formation, folding/rotation, increase/decrease in mass or dimension

Question 26

Where is sonic hedgehog located?

Answer 26

Ventrally

Question 27

Where are cells more likely to express ventral characteristics?

Answer 27

Closer to sonic hedgehog

Question 28

What des folding and rotation allow?

Answer 28

Development of the disc to a tube and alteration of mass and dimension through hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 29

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 29

Growth in size

Question 30

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 30

Growth in numbers

Question 31

What is teratology?

Answer 31

The study of abnormal development

Question 32

What can cause birth defects?

Answer 32

Genetic factors, environmental factors and multi factorial inheritance

Question 33

What are malformations?

Answer 33

Intrinsic abnormal developmental defects. Trisomy 18, Edward syndrome

Question 34

What is disruption?

Answer 34

Extrinsic interference on normal development. (Teratogenic drugs, virus)