Developmental Psych Flashcards

Question

26. Which of the following best characterizes the life-span perspective's view of aging? a. Aging is solely a decline in physical and cognitive abilities. b. Aging is a universal experience across cultures. c. Aging involves gains and losses in multiple domains. d. Aging is primarily determined by genetic factors.

Answer 1

Correct answer: "Unknown" The life-span perspective acknowledges that aging is a complex process that involves both positive aspects (gains) such as wisdom and emotional well-being, as well as negative aspects (losses) such as physical decline and memory difficulties. It recognizes that the experience of aging varies across individuals and cultures.

Answer 2

Correct answer: "Unknown" The life-span perspective emphasizes the importance of both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) in shaping human development. It recognizes that these factors interact and contribute to an individual's growth and outcomes.

Answer 3

Correct answer: "Unknown" The life-span perspective recognizes that development occurs in a dynamic context influenced by historical, social, and cultural changes. It moves beyond the notion that development is limited to childhood and acknowledges its ongoing nature throughout the entire life span.

Answer 4

Correct answer: "Unknown" According to the life-span perspective, life events such as transitions, milestones, and societal changes can significantly impact an individual's development. The transition from high school to college represents a significant life event that can influence various aspects of development, including identity formation, social relationships, and academic achievement.

Answer 5

Correct answer: "Unknown" The life-span perspective emphasizes that development is influenced by both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). It recognizes the complex interaction between these factors in shaping human development and behavior.

Answer 6

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Mechanistic Model views development as a result of external environmental influences, such as rewards, punishments, and social reinforcement, which shape behavior and learning.

Answer 7

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Organismic Model proposes that development is driven by the active engagement of the individual with their environment. It emphasizes the role of an individual's internal drive, curiosity, and ability to regulate their own behavior and learning.

Answer 8

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Mechanistic Model sees development as a continuous process, with changes occurring incrementally over time. It rejects the notion of distinct stages and emphasizes the importance of environmental influences.

Answer 9

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Organismic Model suggests that development follows dynamic and complex pathways, influenced by interactions between the individual and their environment. It recognizes that development is influenced by multiple factors and is not strictly predetermined or fixed.

Answer 10

Correct answer: "Unknown" Normative influences are societal or cultural expectations and norms that shape an individual's behavior, values, and development. They reflect the social standards and expectations within a particular context.

Answer 11

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Mechanistic Model aligns with social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of external environmental influences, reinforcement, and observational learning in shaping behavior and development.

Answer 12

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Organismic Model emphasizes the active role of an individual's cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning, in driving their development and adaptation to the environment.

Answer 13

Correct answer: "Unknown" Normative influences focus on the cultural and societal expectations that shape an individual's behavior, values, and development. They represent the shared norms, values, and standards within a specific cultural or social group.

Answer 14

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Mechanistic Model aligns with the behaviorist approach to psychology, which emphasizes the role of environmental influences, conditioning, and reinforcement in shaping behavior and development. 40. Normative influences can be categorized as: • Universal or individual • Developmental or contextual • Biological or environmental • Prescriptive or proscriptive Feedback Normative influences can be categorized as developmental, referring to changes that occur during specific periods of development, or contextual, referring to the influence of cultural, societal, and environmental factors on an individual's development and behavior.

Answer 15

Correct answer: "Unknown" The APA provides guidelines for ethical conduct in all areas of psychology, including research, practice, counseling, therapy, teaching, and supervision. These guidelines ensure that psychologists uphold the highest standards of professionalism and ethical behavior.

Answer 16

Correct answer: "Unknown" Informed consent requires that participants in research or clients in therapy have a clear understanding of the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits involved. It emphasizes their right to make an informed decision about whether to participate.

Answer 17

Correct answer: "Unknown" While psychologists are generally expected to maintain confidentiality, there are situations where they may be legally or ethically obligated to disclose information. These include situations where there is a duty to warn or protect others from harm, when required by law, or when necessary to advance scientific knowledge with appropriate safeguards.

Answer 18

Correct answer: "Unknown" The PAP promotes research and scholarship in psychology, collaboration with international psychology organizations to foster knowledge exchange and professional growth, and advocates for accessible mental healthcare for all individuals in the Philippines.

Answer 19

Correct answer: "Unknown" The PAP places a strong emphasis on ethical principles in conducting research and providing psychological services. It promotes the highest standards of ethical conduct to ensure the well-being and protection of individuals participating in research or seeking psychological help.

Answer 20

Correct answer: "Unknown" The PAP promotes the development of cultural competence and sensitivity among psychologists. This includes understanding and respecting diverse cultural backgrounds, values, and beliefs of clients to provide effective and appropriate psychological services that are sensitive to cultural differences and needs.

Answer 21

Correct answer: "a. 1892" The American Psychological Association (AP was founded in 1892 by a small group of psychologists and has since grown to become the largest professional organization for psychologists in the United States. It was initially established to advance psychology as a science and profession.

Answer 22

Correct answer: "a. 1939" The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) was established in 1939 as a professional organization for psychologists in the Philippines. It was formed with the aim of promoting the development of psychology as a discipline and profession in the country.

Answer 23

Correct answer: "Unknown" G. Stanley Hall served as the first president of the American Psychological Association (AP from 1892 to 1893. He was a prominent psychologist and played a significant role in establishing psychology as a distinct scientific discipline in the United States.

Answer 24

Correct answer: "Unknown" The APA played a significant role in the development and standardization of the MMPI, which is one of the most widely used psychological tests for assessing personality traits and psychopathology.

Answer 25

Correct answer: "a. Indigenous psychologies" The PAP has been actively involved in promoting the development and recognition of indigenous psychologies in the Philippines. It aims to integrate traditional Filipino knowledge, values, and practices with Western psychology to create a culturally sensitive and relevant approach to psychological research and practice.

Answer 26

Correct answer: "Unknown" The APA played a crucial role in the establishment and ongoing revision of its own ethics code, which is known as the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This code provides guidelines for ethical behavior in research, teaching, and practice for psychologists in the United States.

Answer 27

Correct answer: "a. Mental healthcare policies and services" The PAP has been actively involved in advocating for the improvement of mental healthcare policies and services in the Philippines. It works to promote access to quality mental healthcare, raise awareness about mental health issues, and advocate for the rights and well-being of individuals with mental health concerns.

Answer 28

Correct answer: "Unknown" Cross-sectional designs involve collecting data from different age groups at a single point in time. Researchers can compare different age groups to examine developmental changes or differences in variables.

Answer 29

Correct answer: "Unknown" Longitudinal designs involve following the same participants over an extended period of time. Researchers collect data at multiple time points, allowing them to examine individual trajectories of development and changes over time.

Answer 30

Correct answer: "Unknown" Sequential designs involve collecting data from different age groups at multiple time points. This design allows researchers to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal effects and provides a more comprehensive understanding of development.

Answer 31

Correct answer: "Unknown" Experimental designs involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable. Researchers can use this design to study the effects of specific interventions or treatments on developmental outcomes.

Answer 32

Correct answer: "Unknown" Quasi-experimental designs are used when random assignment to groups is not possible or practical. Researchers still manipulate an independent variable but do not have full control over the assignment of participants to groups.

Answer 33

Correct answer: "Unknown" Sequential designs involve combining different age groups, multiple time points, and experimental manipulation. This design allows researchers to examine both age-related and cohort-related effects on development while also manipulating variables of interest.

Answer 34

Correct answer: "c. Phallic stage" In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, the phallic stage occurs during the preschool years (around 3 to 6 years ol. During this stage, children develop curiosity about their bodies and become aware of gender differences. The Oedipus and Electra complexes are significant conflicts during this stage, related to the child's developing sexual and romantic feelings.

Answer 35

Correct answer: "Unknown" Olivia's reflection on her life, feeling of fulfillment, and sharing wisdom with younger generations indicate that she is in the stage of Ego Integrity vs. Despair. This stage occurs during late adulthood, and individuals strive to develop a sense of integrity and satisfaction with their life choices.

Answer 36

Correct answer: "Unknown" Daniel's active exploration of interests, values, and potential career paths, as well as his search for identity, indicate that he is in the stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion. This stage occurs during adolescence, and individuals strive to establish a sense of identity and a coherent understanding of themselves.

Answer 37

Correct answer: "Unknown" Maya's participation in extracurricular activities, pride in her accomplishments, and motivation to learn new skills indicate that she is in the stage of Industry vs. Inferiority. This stage occurs during middle childhood, and individuals strive to develop a sense of competence and industry.

Answer 38

Correct answer: "Unknown" Ethan's ability to mentally represent objects and actions and imagine how a tower of blocks would look with more blocks indicates that he is in the Preoperational stage. This stage occurs roughly from 2 to 7 years old and is characterized by the development of symbolic thought, pretend play, and egocentric thinking.

Answer 39

Correct answer: "Unknown" Mia's inability to understand conservation, as evidenced by her belief that the taller glass has more water, is characteristic of the Preoperational stage. In this stage, children have difficulty grasping the concept of conservation and often focus on perceptual aspects rather than logical reasoning.

Answer 40

Correct answer: "Unknown" Lily's ability to understand transitivity, as demonstrated by her understanding of the relationship between A, B, and C, is characteristic of the Concrete operational stage. This stage typically occurs around 7 to 11 years old and is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.

Answer 41

Correct answer: "b. Circular reactions" Ethan's behavior of shaking the rattle and smiling in response to the movement is characteristic of the circular reactions substage. During this substage (around 4 to 8 months ol, infants repeat actions to explore their effects and learn about cause and effect relationships.

Answer 42

Correct answer: "c. Deferred imitation" Deferred imitation is a psychological term for a process that all humans undergo, most notably during early childhood. It is a process in which a child will observe someone, usually an adult, completing an action. The child will then, after a period of time, imitate the action.

Answer 43

Correct answer: "Unknown" Sofia's ability to correctly conclude that the amount of water remains the same, despite the change in appearance, reflects her understanding of conservation. Conservation is a hallmark of the Concrete operational stage (around 7 to 11 years ol, during which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.

Answer 44

Correct answer: "Unknown" Ethan's ability to engage in mental operations, such as mentally calculating the area of a rectangle, reflects his cognitive development in the Concrete operational stage. Mental operations involve the ability to manipulate and reason about abstract concepts, which is a hallmark of this stage.

Answer 45

Correct answer: "Unknown" Sarah's response that stealing is wrong because of the fear of punishment reflects the moral reasoning of Stage 1. At this stage, individuals focus on avoiding punishment and obeying authority.

Answer 46

Correct answer: "Unknown" Emma's decision to return the wallet based on her belief that it's the right thing to do and to be seen as trustworthy reflects the moral reasoning of Stage 3. At this stage, individuals seek to maintain good interpersonal relationships and conform to social expectations.

Answer 47

Correct answer: "Unknown" Jacob's active participation in volunteering activities based on his belief in contributing to the well-being of others reflects the moral reasoning of Stage 6. At this highest stage of moral development, individuals operate based on universal ethical principles that transcend specific social norms.

Answer 48

Correct answer: "Unknown" Maria's difficulty adjusting to the new school environment and struggling to make friends are influenced by the interactions and relationships within her immediate settings, such as her interactions with classmates and teachers. The mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions between different microsystems.

Answer 49

Correct answer: "c. Exosystem" James' experience of finding support, friendship, and a sense of belonging through online communities is influenced by the exosystem. The exosystem represents broader social settings that indirectly affect an individual, such as societal norms, media, and technology.

Answer 50

Correct answer: "a. Microsystem" Alex's experience of attending a high-quality early childhood education program, receiving nurturing care, and engaging in developmentally appropriate activities is influenced by the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate settings in which an individual interacts, such as family, school, and peer groups.

Answer 51

Correct answer: "d. Macrosystem" Emily's experience of growing up in a society that promotes gender equality, provides opportunities for women's empowerment, and supports her educational and career pursuits is influenced by the macrosystem. The macrosystem encompasses cultural values, societal norms, and broader social and political ideologies.

Answer 52

Correct answer: "a. Scaffolding" The teacher providing guidance and demonstrating the proper technique for building a stable tower is an example of scaffolding in Sociocultural Theory. Scaffolding refers to the support or assistance provided by a more knowledgeable individual to help a learner accomplish a task that they would not be able to do independently.

Answer 53

Correct answer: "Unknown" Jack's interaction with Lily, where she explains the steps to solve the complex math problem and Jack successfully solves it with her help, illustrates the Zone of Proximal Development. The ZPD refers to the range of tasks that a learner cannot yet accomplish independently but can achieve with the guidance or support of a more knowledgeable person.

Answer 54

Correct answer: "d. Social interaction" Ethan's active listening, providing feedback, and building upon his classmates' contributions during the group project exemplify the importance of social interaction in Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and collaboration in shaping cognitive development and learning.

Answer 55

Correct answer: "b. Avoidant attachment" Emma's lack of interest or reaction and avoidance of physical contact upon the return of her primary caregiver are consistent with the behavior of a child with an avoidant attachment style. In this attachment pattern, children may appear emotionally distant or detached and minimize seeking comfort from the caregiver.

Answer 56

Correct answer: "c. Resistant attachment" Noah's ambivalent behavior, seeking comfort but also resisting contact upon the return of his primary caregiver, aligns with the behavior of a child with a resistant attachment style. In this attachment pattern, children may display clingy or inconsistent behavior, expressing a mix of approach and resistance toward the caregiver.

Answer 57

Correct answer: "d. Disorganized attachment" Ethan's display of contradictory behaviors, freezing, confusion, or stereotypical movements during the reunion with his primary caregiver, reflects the behavior of a child with a disorganized attachment style. Disorganized attachment is characterized by inconsistent or atypical behaviors and is often associated with adverse caregiving experiences.

Answer 58

Correct answer: "a. Rapprochement" Mia's active exploration of her environment while frequently checking back with her primary caregiver for reassurance and comfort aligns with the behavior observed during the Rapprochement phase described by Mahler. During this phase (around 1 to 2 years ol, children develop a balance between the need for autonomy and the need for a secure attachment figure.

Answer 59

Correct answer: "Unknown" Sarah's exploration of different religions and beliefs indicates a state of identity moratorium. In this identity status, individuals are actively exploring different options and possibilities without having made firm commitments.

Answer 60

Correct answer: "Unknown" Jake's consideration of different factors and his commitment to a career in medicine align with the identity achievement status. In this identity status, individuals have actively explored options and made firm commitments based on their own values and goals.

Answer 61

Correct answer: "b. Identity foreclosure" Emma's decision to pursue a career that is expected of her, without exploring other options or considering her own interests and values, reflects the identity foreclosure status. In this identity status, individuals make commitments without engaging in exploration.

Answer 62

Correct answer: "a. Identity diffusion" Liam's uncertainty, confusion, and lack of firm commitments reflect the identity diffusion status. In this identity status, individuals have not yet explored different options or made commitments, often resulting in a state of confusion and uncertainty.

Answer 63

Correct answer: "Unknown" Jeremy's genetic disorder affecting the production of red blood cells is likely caused by a mutation or abnormality in a single gene. Single-gene disorders are caused by changes in a specific gene and can result in various health conditions.

Answer 64

Correct answer: "Unknown" Emma's condition of having an extra copy of chromosome 21 is an example of a chromosomal abnormality. Chromosomal abnormalities occur when there are structural changes or numerical variations in the chromosomes.

Answer 65

Correct answer: "Unknown" Alzheimer's disease is primarily influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While specific genes can contribute to the risk of developing the disease, other factors such as lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposures also play a role.

Answer 66

Correct answer: "a. Chromosome 21" Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.

Answer 67

Correct answer: "Unknown" Turner syndrome is caused by the absence or partial absence of one of the X chromosomes in females. Instead of having the usual XX chromosome pattern, individuals with Turner syndrome have a single X chromosome.

Answer 68

Correct answer: "Unknown" The embryonic period, which occurs from approximately the third to the eighth week of prenatal development, is a critical time for the formation and development of major organ systems. It is during this period that the embryo is particularly vulnerable to teratogens, which are substances that can cause developmental abnormalities.

Answer 69

Correct answer: "Unknown" Maternal exposure to harmful substances during prenatal development can have detrimental effects on various aspects of the developing fetus. It can lead to impaired cognitive development, delayed physical growth, and an increased risk of socioemotional difficulties in the child.

Answer 70

Correct answer: "b. Hearing" The sense of hearing is the most developed and functional sense during prenatal development. By the third trimester of pregnancy, the fetus can hear and respond to sounds in the environment. This early exposure to auditory stimuli can have an impact on later cognitive and language development.

Answer 71

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors" While genetic factors play a significant role in prenatal development, environmental factors, such as the mother's nutrition, exposure to toxins, and overall health, have the greatest influence on healthy prenatal development. The prenatal environment, including the mother's lifestyle and care, can significantly impact the developing fetus.

Answer 72

Correct answer: "b. Rooting reflex" The rooting reflex is triggered when a newborn's cheek is touched, causing them to turn their head toward the stimulus in search of a nipple or a source of food. This reflex helps facilitate breastfeeding and early feeding behaviors.

Answer 73

Correct answer: "a. Moro reflex" The Moro reflex is commonly referred to as the startle reflex. It is triggered by sudden stimuli, such as a loud noise or a sensation of falling, and results in the newborn spreading their arms and then bringing them back toward the body. This reflex is thought to have served a protective function in ancestral human infants.

Answer 74

Correct answer: "c. Babinski reflex" The Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the sole of a newborn's foot. The reflex causes the toes to fan out and curl upward. This response is a normal reflex in newborns, but it typically disappears as the nervous system develops.

Answer 75

Correct answer: "d. Grasp reflex" The grasp reflex is observed when an object is placed in a newborn's palm or fingers, and they automatically close their hand around the object. This reflex is an early motor response and typically disappears after a few months.

Answer 76

Correct answer: "Unknown" The tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex or asymmetric tonic neck reflex, is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side. In response, the arm and leg on the side the head is facing extend, while the opposite arm and leg flex. This reflex helps lay the foundation for later voluntary movements.

Answer 77

Correct answer: "b. Suck reflex" The suck reflex is triggered when the roof of a newborn's mouth is touched, initiating a rhythmic sucking motion. This reflex is vital for feeding and allows newborns to obtain nourishment from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.

Answer 78

Correct answer: "Unknown" The tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex or asymmetric tonic neck reflex, is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side. In response, the newborn automatically rotates their body in the same direction. This reflex aids in the development of coordination and helps prepare the infant for more complex movements.

Answer 79

Correct answer: "a. Plantar reflex" The plantar reflex is observed when a newborn's foot is pressed against a surface, causing them to push against it with their toes. This reflex helps with balance and posture development.

Answer 80

Correct answer: "a. Suck reflex" The suck reflex is triggered when a newborn's lips are touched or stroked, resulting in the puckering of their lips as if preparing to suck. This reflex facilitates feeding and the intake of nourishment.

Answer 81

Correct answer: "Unknown" The walking reflex, also referred to as the stepping reflex, is observed when a newborn is held upright with their feet touching a solid surface. They will make stepping movements as if attempting to walk. Although this reflex is present at birth, it typically disappears within a few weeks.

Answer 82

Correct answer: "a. Autism spectrum disorder" The lack of response to name calling and minimal interest in social interactions in a 9-month-old infant may raise concerns about autism spectrum disorder (AS. It is important to consult with healthcare professionals for a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis.

Answer 83

Correct answer: "Unknown" Excessive tantrums, difficulties with transitions, and intense emotional reactions are common in toddlers and often represent normal temperamental variations. Toddlers are learning to regulate their emotions and assert their independence, which can manifest in emotional outbursts.

Answer 84

Correct answer: "Unknown" The absence of rolling over or attempts to sit independently in a 6- month-old infant may indicate a gross motor delay. It is important to monitor motor development and consult a healthcare professional if there are significant delays or concerns.

Answer 85

Correct answer: "Unknown" During early childhood, children are still developing their understanding of others' perspectives and may exhibit egocentric behaviors, such as difficulty sharing and taking turns. This behavior is a typical part of their cognitive and social-emotional development.

Answer 86

Correct answer: "Unknown" Difficulties in following instructions, staying focused, and sitting still during structured activities in a 5-year-old may raise concerns about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADH. A comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals is needed to make an accurate diagnosis.

Answer 87

Correct answer: "Unknown" Engaging in imaginary play, creating elaborate storylines, and inventing characters is a normal part of early childhood development. Pretend play enhances creativity, social skills, and cognitive abilities, fostering overall development.

Answer 88

Correct answer: "Unknown" Difficulties in organizing materials, managing assignments, and completing tasks on time in an 8-year-old may indicate learning difficulties or attention deficits. A comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals can help identify specific areas of need and provide appropriate support.

Answer 89

Correct answer: "Unknown" Experiencing negative emotions, such as sadness or irritability, and difficulties in emotion regulation are common during middle and late childhood as children navigate the complexities of emotions and social interactions. These challenges are often part of normal emotional development.

Answer 90

Correct answer: "a. Oppositional defiant disorder" Engaging in arguments and conflicts with peers, defiance toward authority figures, and refusal to follow rules in a 9-year-old may raise concerns about oppositional defiant disorder (OD. A comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals is needed for an accurate diagnosis.

Answer 91

Correct answer: "b. Peer pressure" A strong desire for peer acceptance and conformity, along with changing opinions or behaviors to fit in with the group, are common aspects of peer pressure during middle and late childhood. Peer influence plays a significant role in shaping social behaviors and choices during this stage.

Answer 92

Correct answer: "Unknown" McCrae's Five-Factor Model includes the following traits: openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. "Honesty" is not specifically identified as one of the primary factors in this model.

Answer 93

Correct answer: "a. Openness to experience" Openness to experience refers to an individual's willingness to explore new ideas, engage in creative pursuits, and be receptive to novel experiences. John's characteristics of being imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences align with this trait.

Answer 94

Correct answer: "b. Extraversion" Extraversion refers to the degree to which an individual seeks social interactions, enjoys being around others, and is outgoing and assertive. Sarah's traits of being friendly, outgoing, and sociable align with the extraversion factor.

Answer 95

Correct answer: "c. Agreeableness" Agreeableness refers to an individual's tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and empathetic towards others. Michael's traits of being kind, considerate, and cooperative align with the agreeableness factor.

Answer 96

Correct answer: "d. Conscientiousness" Conscientiousness refers to an individual's level of organization, self-discipline, and reliability. Julia's traits of being organized, disciplined, and reliable align with the conscientiousness factor.

Answer 97

Correct answer: "Unknown" During the Sensorimotor Stage, infants primarily explore their environment through the senses of touch and hearing. They use their hands and mouths to explore objects and rely on auditory cues to make sense of their surroundings.

Answer 98

Correct answer: "Unknown" In the later stages of the Sensorimotor Stage, infants develop the ability for symbolic representation, which allows them to use symbols or mental images to represent objects or events. They may engage in pretend play, using objects to represent other objects, people, or situations.

Answer 99

Correct answer: "Unknown" Symbolic thought, the ability to use symbols or mental representations to represent objects or events, is not fully developed in the Sensorimotor Stage. This ability emerges in later stages of cognitive development.

Answer 100

Correct answer: "c. Mental representation" Mental representation is not a substage of the Sensorimotor Stage. The actual substage progression includes reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and beginning of representational thought.

Answer 101

Correct answer: "Unknown" The Sensorimotor Stage, particularly the development of object permanence, lays the foundation for later cognitive concepts such as conservation, egocentrism, and abstract reasoning. It provides the building blocks for understanding the world and engaging in more complex cognitive processes.

Answer 102

Correct answer: "c. Pain cry" The pain cry is a high-pitched, intense cry that occurs suddenly and is usually accompanied by physical signs of distress. It can be triggered by discomfort, injury, or illness and may indicate the need for immediate attention and care.

Answer 103

Correct answer: "d. Whining cry" The whining cry is a rhythmic, repetitive cry with a lower intensity than other cries. It is often associated with fatigue, frustration, or mild discomfort. Infants may display this cry when they are tired, bored, or seeking attention.

Answer 104

Correct answer: "a. Basic cry" The basic cry is a combination of cries and vowel-like sounds and is the most common type of cry observed in infants. It typically indicates general needs such as hunger, fatigue, or discomfort. The basic cry can vary in intensity and can be accompanied by facial expressions and body movements.

Answer 105

Correct answer: "Unknown" Easy children are known for their adaptable nature and ability to establish regular routines. They tend to have a positive mood, display low intensity of reactions, and adapt well to new experiences or changes in their environment.

Answer 106

Correct answer: "Unknown" Slow-to-warm-up children are initially hesitant and cautious in new or unfamiliar situations. They may exhibit shyness, withdrawal, and a slow adaptation to new people or environments. Given time and support, they gradually become more comfortable and less hesitant.

Answer 107

Correct answer: "Unknown" Difficult children, due to their strong-willed and challenging behavior, often present the greatest challenges for caregivers. Their resistance to change and intense reactions can make it more demanding to meet their needs and manage their behaviors effectively. However, it's important to note that all temperament profiles present unique challenges, and caregivers may need to adjust their approaches to meet the needs of each child.

Answer 108

Correct answer: "Unknown" Preoperational thought is a stage of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget. It occurs approximately between the ages of 2 and 7 years old and is characterized by significant gains in language and symbolic representation.

Answer 109

Correct answer: "Unknown" Symbolic function is a significant cognitive milestone in the preoperational stage. It involves the ability to use symbols, such as words, images, or gestures, to represent objects, actions, or events that are not physically present. This ability forms the basis for imaginative play, language development, and the understanding of symbolic representations in various domains.

Answer 110

Correct answer: "Unknown" Intuitive thought is a characteristic of the preoperational stage. During this stage, which occurs roughly between ages 4 and 7, children begin to engage in more advanced thinking but still lack the ability for logical and systematic reasoning. Intuitive thought refers to children's reliance on immediate perceptions and hunches rather than logical reasoning when solving problems or making judgments.

Answer 111

Correct answer: "Unknown" One of the limitations of preoperational thought is the difficulty in understanding the concept of conservation, which refers to the understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. Preoperational children often focus on the most salient features and may not grasp the idea that the quantity or volume of a substance can remain the same even if it appears differently. This limitation gradually diminishes as children progress into the concrete operational stage.

Answer 112

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" Animism is a concept commonly observed during the preoperational stage of cognitive development, as proposed by Jean Piaget. Preoperational children tend to attribute lifelike qualities and intentions to inanimate objects, believing that they have thoughts, feelings, and intentions similar to humans.

Answer 113

Correct answer: "Unknown" Transduction is a cognitive process observed during the preoperational stage of cognitive development. It involves making connections between unrelated events or ideas based on perceived associations, without necessarily understanding logical or cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 114

Correct answer: "Unknown" According to Parten's stages of play, associative play is a stage where children play alongside others, sharing materials and showing interest in what others are doing, but without significant organization or coordination of activities. They may observe, imitate, and be influenced by others' actions, but there is no formal organization or shared goals.

Answer 115

Correct answer: "c. Cooperative play" Cooperative play is the highest level of cognitive play. It involves children engaging in organized group activities with shared goals, coordinating their actions, and working together towards a common objective. In this stage, children display advanced cognitive and social skills, such as negotiation, problem-solving, and perspective-taking.

Answer 116

Correct answer: "Unknown" Onlooker play is a stage where children observe others play without actively participating themselves. They may watch, comment, or ask questions about the play of others but do not engage directly in the play activity. It provides an opportunity for children to learn from observing and gain insight into different play behaviors and social interactions.

Answer 117

Correct answer: "b. Egoistic suicide" Egoistic suicide occurs when individuals experience a lack of social integration and connection to others. They may feel isolated, detached, or disconnected from social groups, resulting in higher suicide rates.

Answer 118

Correct answer: "Unknown" Altruistic suicide occurs when individuals have a high level of social integration and a strong collective identity. They may be willing to sacrifice their lives for the greater good or the expectations of their social group.

Answer 119

Correct answer: "c. Anomic suicide" Anomic suicide occurs in situations where there is a breakdown of social norms, such as during times of social or economic upheaval. Individuals may feel a sense of normlessness, uncertainty, and a lack of moral regulation, which can contribute to higher suicide rates.

Answer 120

Correct answer: "a. Altruistic suicide" In this scenario, the woman's suicide is motivated by her strong adherence to societal expectations and her willingness to sacrifice her life for the sake of conformity and meeting social obligations. Altruistic suicide occurs in societies where there is a high degree of social integration and collective identity.

Answer 121

Correct answer: "c. Anomic suicide" In this scenario, the economic collapse and social unrest have disrupted the social order and undermined social norms and regulations. As a result, individuals may experience a sense of normlessness, uncertainty, and a lack of moral regulation, leading to higher suicide rates. Anomic suicide occurs during times of social or economic upheaval.

Answer 122

Correct answer: "c. Monosomy X" Monosomy X is also called Turner Syndrome, it is a syndrome wherein females have a missing X

Answer 123

Correct answer: "Unknown" Jacob's Syndrome is also called as XYY Syndrome.

Answer 124

Correct answer: "b. Patau's Syndrome" Patau's Syndrome is also called as Trisomy 13.

Answer 125

Correct answer: "Unknown" NBW - At least 7 pounds ; 5 ounces LBW - Less than 5 pounds ; 8 ounces VLB - Less than 3 pounds ; 4 ounces ELB - Less than 2 pounds

Answer 126

Correct answer: "a. Spontaneous Abortion" Spontaneous Abortion - Less than 20 weeks Stillbirth - After 20 weeks (approx. 5 months) SIDS - Crib death

Answer 127

Correct answer: "b. Situational Compliance" Situational Compliance - Extra assistance provided by their parents reminder and prompts to complete the task Committed Compliance - They were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention Riding-in-tandem Compliance - is gawa-gawa lang sowi huhu

Answer 128

Correct answer: "a. Gender Constancy" Gender Identity - Awareness of one's own gender and that of others Gender Constancy - The realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut Gender Schema Theory - It views children as actively extracting knowledge about gender from their environment before engaging in gender-typed behavior 190. Frequently nominated both bestie and most disliked • Controversial Children • Rejected Children • Popular Children • Neglected Children Feedback Average Children - Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations Neglected Children - Infrequently nominated as bestie but not really disliked Rejected Children - Disliked by peers Controversial Children - Frequently nominated both as bestie and most disliked Popular Children - Frequently nominated as bestie and rarely disliked by peers

Answer 129

Correct answer: "Unknown" Assimilation - Interpretation of new information via existing cognitive structure Accommodation - Involves changing cognitive structures to more closely align with what is encountered Identity Assimilation - Involves holding onto a consistent sense of self in the face of new experiences that do not fit the current understanding of the self

Answer 130

Correct answer: "a. Identity Accommodation" Assimilation - Interpretation of new information via existing cognitive structure Accommodation - Involves changing cognitive structures to more closely align with what is encountered Identity Accommodation - Involves adjusting the identity schema to fit new experiences

Answer 131

Correct answer: "a. Generativity Scripts" Generativity Scripts – feature redemption and associated with psychological well-being Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon – returning to parent’s home, sometimes with their own families

Answer 132

Correct answer: "b. Narrative Psychology" Narrative Psychology - Views the development of self as a continuous process of constructing one's life story Empty Nest – occurs when the youngest child leaves home Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon – returning to parent’s home, sometimes with their own families

Answer 133

Correct answer: "a. Filial Crisis" Filial Crisis - Adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy in a two-way relationship Respite Care - Giving caregivers some time off Kinship Care - Grandparents that provides care but don’t become foster parents or gain custody, have no legal status and few rights

Answer 134

Correct answer: "b. Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline" Hospice Care – personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline – specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death Near-Death Experience – often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters

Answer 135

Correct answer: "a. Evolutionary Theory" Endocrine Theory - Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging Immunological Theory - Programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death Evolutionary Theory - Aging is an evolved trait thus genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher rates than genes that extend lives

Answer 136

Correct answer: "a. Death Seekers" Death Seekers – clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide Death Ignorers – do not believe that their self- inflicted death will mean the end of their existence Death Darers – experience mixed feelings, or ambivalence, about their intent to die, even at the moment of their attempt, and they show this ambivalence in the act itself

Answer 137

Correct answer: "a. Life-Span Development" Life-Span Development – Concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically Life-Span Perspective – Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss Growth Development - Uhmm... :> DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY RANDOM DRILLS BY MCGRAW- HILL GLOBAL EDUCATION HOLDINGS, LLC

Answer 138

Correct answer: "Unknown" Constructive play involves using objects or materials to create or build something. Si Kidlat, nag-eexplore ng blocks para mag- create ng towers, which fits this type of play. Functional play is simpler—like movements or sensorimotor actions (e.g., running or jumping) Dramatic play involves imagination and pretend scenarios Formal games with rules require organized procedures or penalties Whiskerson often sits by himself in the corner of the playroom. He doesn’t interact with toys or children but appears to occasionally look around, seemingly lost in thought. Based on Parten’s dimensions of play, which type of play behavior is Whiskerson demonstrating? • Onlooker behavior • Solitary independent play • Unoccupied behavior • Parallel play Feedback Unoccupied behavior happens when a child is not actively engaging with toys, other children, or any structured activity Onlooker behavior involves watching others play, pero walang namention that Whiskerson actively observes the other kids Solitary independent play means playing alone with toys Parallel play is playing side by side with others without direct interaction At 50, Chandler Bing notices that he has to hold reading materials further away to read clearly, and he also finds it harder to hear conversations in noisy environments. What is most likely happening to Chandler's sensory functioning? • Presbyopia and presbycusis • Myopia and diminishing taste sensitivity • Loss of muscle strength and presbycusis • Diminishing olfactory cells and nearsightedness Feedback Presbyopia is the age related difficulty in focusing on near objects, that's why Chandler has to hold reading materials farther away. Presbycusis is the gradual hearing loss that usually happens as people get older, kaya nahihirapan siyang makarinig in a noisy environment Myopia (nearsightedness) and diminishing taste sensitivity are not directly related to Chandler's specific issue Loss of muscle strength and diminishing olfactory cells are also relevant age-related changes but don’t directly explain Chandler’s vision and hearing struggles During recess, Koko overhears her classmates gossiping about her, spreading false rumors to exclude her from their group. Which type of aggression does this scenario best illustrate? • Instrumental aggression • Relational aggression • Hostile attributional bias • Physical bullying Feedback Relational aggression involves harming someone’s social status or relationships. Yung pag-spread ng rumors para ma-exclude si Koko is an example of relational aggression Instrumental aggression usually happens when aggression is used to achieve a goal (e.g., taking a toy) Hostile attributional bias refers to assuming bad intentions from others Dionela, who is beginning to take responsibility for completing his schoolwork without constant reminders. However, his parents still monitor his progress and provide guidance when needed. This scenario best illustrates which of the following concepts? • Coregulation • Authoritative parenting • Internalizing behavior • Externalizing behavior Feedback Coregulation happens during a transitional stage where parents provide general supervision, while children learn self-regulation. Dionela's parents guide him and monitor his progress, pero si Dionela na mismo yung gumagawa ng assignments niya Koi spilled her juice on the table despite her mother’s repeated warnings to be careful. Her mother reacts by turning away and ignoring Koi for the rest of the afternoon. Which parenting discipline strategy is Koi’s mother using? • Power assertion • Withdrawal of love • Inductive reasoning • Positive reinforcement Feedback Withdrawal of love happens when a parent ignores, isolates, or shows disapproval to discipline a child. Yung ginawa ng mom ni Koi—ignoring her after the incident—fits this description Power assertion would involve direct enforcement like yelling or punishment, which didn’t happen here. Inductive reasoning involves explaining and teaching Positive reinforcement is about rewarding good behavior Mirako, a 6 year old, is playing with her toys and says aloud, "Okay, the car goes here, then the truck goes there." Her mom notices this and asks why she's talking to herself. Mirako explains, "I’m just figuring out where to put them." What type of speech is Mirako using? • Private speech • Pragmatics • Social speech • Fast mapping Feedback Private speech is when a child talks to themselves, usually to help guide their actions or thoughts. Yung ginagawa ni Mirako, nagpaplan siya habang naglalaro, kaya nagmo-monologue siya for self-guidance Pragmatics deals with how we use language in social context Social speech would involve trying to communicate with someone, but Mirako is just talking to herself Fast mapping refers to learning new words Normandy excels in solving complex mathematical problems and analyzing research data. However, he often struggles with adjusting to new and creative challenges like brainstorming unique ideas for a project. Which component of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence does Normandy demonstrate strength in? • Analytical intelligence • Creative intelligence • Practical intelligence • Emotional intelligence Feedback Analytical intelligence is about academic problem solving and computation. Normandy is good at tasks like solving math problems and analyzing data—mga skills na aligned sa analytical abilities Creative intelligence deals with imaginative problem solving, like brainstorming unique ideas, which Normandy struggles with, so it’s not the answer Practical intelligence focuses on "street smarts" or real-world application Emotional intelligence isn’t part of the Triarchic Theory Maladaptive Tendency: Ruthlessness Malignant Tendency: Inhibition • Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt • Inferiority vs. Guilt • Initiative vs. Guilt • Initiative vs. Inferiority Anne decides to drive recklessly with her friends, claiming, "Wala namang mangyayari sa akin. I’m not like those other people who get into accidents." She often feels like her emotions are deeper and more intense than anyone else’s, saying, "No one will ever understand what I’m going through." What concept best explains Anne’s mindset? • Imaginary audience • Egocentrism • Personal fable • Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Feedback Personal fable explains yung belief ni Anne na she’s unique and invulnerable. Yung reckless driving at pag feel na hindi siya maaaksidente shows this "special" mindset na parang exempted siya sa consequences. Plus, yung feeling niya na "no one understands her" is another sign ng personal fable, kasi parang super unique and intense ng emotions niya compared to others. Imaginary audience involves the belief na lahat ng tao ay nakatingin or napapansin siya Egocentrism is more general self focus and doesn’t specifically cover her sense of invulnerability Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is about systematic problem- solving ETHICS DRILLS BY YEONSU RPMTWT: @audaa_ A psychologist is working with a client who belongs to a cultural background different from their own. The client expresses beliefs that the psychologist personally disagrees with. What is the most ethical response? • Politely correct the client’s beliefs to align them with mainstream psychological knowledge. • Respect the client's beliefs and incorporate cultural sensitivity into therapy. • End the session early to avoid discussing the beliefs further. • Inform the client that their beliefs are outdated and suggest they change them. Feedback This aligns with respecting the dignity of persons by recognizing cultural diversity and avoiding discrimination. The psychologist must ensure therapy remains respectful and inclusive. A therapist is treating a 13 year old girl who shares personal concerns but asks the therapist not to tell their parents. What should the therapist do? • Promise full confidentiality and never share anything with the parents. • Respect the girl’s confidentiality unless there is a risk of harm. • Immediately inform the parents of everything discussed in the session. • Stop the therapy sessions to avoid legal complications. Feedback While confidentiality is crucial, therapists must break it only if there is a risk of harm. Since the therapist's client is 13 years old making her a minor, respecting the minor’s dignity means maintaining trust while ensuring safety. A psychologist is conducting research that requires participants to share sensitive personal information. What is the most ethical approach? • Proceed with the research without informing participants fully, so they don’t get discouraged from participating. • Obtain informed consent, explaining risks and ensuring participants voluntarily agree. • Collect data without consent, as long as names are kept anonymous. • Tell participants only the positive aspects of the study to encourage participation. Feedback Informed consent is essential to respecting participants' autonomy and dignity. Deception or withholding information would violate ethical standards. A psychologist encounters a client with a rare psychological disorder that they are not trained to treat. What is the most ethical course of action? • Continue working with the client, relying on general psychological knowledge. • Research the disorder quickly and attempt to treat the client independently. • Refer the client to a specialist with expertise in the disorder. • Continue treating the client but avoid discussing topics related to the disorder. Feedback Ethical psychologists should only practice within their areas of competence. Referring the client to a specialist ensures they receive proper care rather than risking harm through inadequate treatment. A therapist is feeling emotionally drained and notices they are struggling to focus during client sessions. What is the most ethical response? • Continue seeing clients without making any changes. • Take steps for self-care and, if necessary, take a temporary break from seeing clients. • Start shortening sessions to reduce personal stress. • Ignore personal well-being, as helping clients should always come first. Feedback Competent care includes maintaining the psychologist’s own well- being. If a therapist is unwell, they risk providing ineffective or harmful treatment. Seeking self-care ensures they can continue helping clients effectively. A client reports experiencing severe anxiety, and the psychologist decides to use a controversial therapy technique they saw online but have never been trained in. Is this ethical? • Yes, as long as the psychologist believes it will help the client. • No, because using unverified methods without proper training can cause harm. • Yes, but only if the psychologist tells the client it’s experimental. • No, unless the psychologist has seen other therapists use it successfully. Feedback Ethical practice requires psychologists to use only scientifically supported methods they are trained in. Experimenting with unverified techniques could endanger the client's well-being. A psychologist is attending a workshop on new therapeutic techniques. How should they ethically apply this knowledge? • Immediately use the techniques on clients, assuming they are effective. • Wait until they receive full training and supervision before using them. • Apply the techniques only to clients who consent to be test subjects. • Avoid using the new techniques entirely, as change in therapy is risky. Feedback Professional competence requires proper training before applying new techniques. Psychologists should ensure they are fully skilled in any method they use to protect their clients' well-being. A psychologist is publishing research results, but the data does not strongly support their hypothesis. What is the most ethical response? • Modify the data slightly to make the results look more convincing. • Publish the actual findings, even if they are not as expected. • Exclude the data that does not support the hypothesis and publish only the favorable results. • Delay publication until they find better supporting data. Feedback Integrity requires honesty in reporting research. Modifying or selectively reporting data is unethical and can mislead the scientific community. A therapist realizes they made a mistake in diagnosing a client. What should they do? • Inform the client and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan. • Ignore the mistake to avoid losing the client’s trust. • Continue with the incorrect diagnosis to maintain consistency. • Avoid discussing the issue but subtly change the treatment approach. Feedback Integrity means being honest about errors and taking responsibility for correcting them. Transparency builds trust and ensures ethical practice. A psychologist has a personal business selling wellness products. Can they ethically recommend these products to their clients? • Yes, as long as the products are beneficial. • Yes, but only if they disclose that they own the business. • No, unless they give the products at a discount. • No, because this creates a conflict of interest. Feedback Integrity requires psychologists to avoid conflicts of interest. Recommending personal products could bias their advice and exploit clients for financial gain. A psychologist is invited to speak at a public seminar and is asked to exaggerate claims about a new therapy technique to attract more participants. What should they do? • Present the technique honestly, with its actual effectiveness. • Exaggerate the claims to make the talk more engaging. • Refuse to participate in the seminar altogether. • Give vague, misleading information without making outright false statements. Feedback Integrity requires psychologists to be truthful and not mislead the public. Presenting exaggerated claims is unethical and can harm clients who rely on accurate information. A psychologist discovers that a colleague is spreading misinformation about a mental health treatment on social media. What is the most ethical response? • Publicly criticize the colleague to warn people about the misinformation. • Ignore the situation, as it is not their responsibility. • Privately discuss the issue with the colleague and encourage them to correct the information. • Report the colleague to the licensing board immediately. Feedback Ethical responsibility to society includes promoting accurate psychological knowledge. Addressing the issue privately first allows for professional resolution before escalating the matter. A psychologist is conducting a study that could benefit society, but it involves deceiving participants. How should they proceed? • Use deception without informing participants, as long as the study results are valuable. • Avoid using deception entirely, even if it means canceling the study. • Use deception but ensure participants are fully debriefed afterward. • Offer participants a financial incentive to make up for the deception. Feedback deception is sometimes necessary in research, ethical guidelines require that participants are debriefed afterward to uphold their dignity and well-being. A psychologist is invited to consult for a company that wants to improve employee mental health. However, the company also asks them to provide personal psychological data about employees. What is the most ethical course of action? * • Agree to share the data, as it could help improve workplace well-being. • Provide only partial data without identifying individuals. • Decline the offer entirely to avoid any ethical risks. • Refuse to share personal data but still offer general recommendations for improving mental health. Feedback Psychologists have a responsibility to help society but must also protect individuals' privacy. Providing general advice without breaching confidentiality is the ethical approach. A psychologist is asked to participate in a public campaign promoting mental health awareness. However, the campaign is sponsored by a company selling unproven supplements for mental well-being. What should they do? • Join the campaign but clarify that they do not endorse the supplements. • Accept the offer since the campaign benefits mental health awareness. • Decline the offer to avoid endorsing misleading products. • Participate but ask the company to remove their name from advertisements. Feedback Psychologists have a duty to society to promote ethical and accurate mental health information. Associating with a company selling unproven supplements could mislead the public and damage professional integrity.

Answer 139

Answer and Rationale

Answer 140

Correct answer: "b. Developmental psychology" Developmental psychology focuses on the changes in human behavior, emotions, and cognition that occur from infancy through old age.

Answer 141

Correct answer: "b. Socialization" Socialization is the process through which individuals acquire the knowledge, values, and behaviors that are considered appropriate and acceptable within their specific cultural context.

Answer 142

Correct answer: "a. The impact of genes versus environmental factors on" the nature versus nurture debate examines the extent to which genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) contribute to an individual's development and traits.

Answer 143

Correct answer: "b. Development" Development refers to the capacity for change and growth in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional domains throughout an individual's lifespan.

Answer 144

Correct answer: "c. Early childhood" A critical period refers to a specific time frame during development when certain experiences must occur for normal development to take place. Early childhood is a critical period for language acquisition and certain cognitive and social skills.

Answer 145

Correct answer: "a. Epigenetics" Epigenetics is the study of how genetic factors interact with environmental factors, such as nutrition, stress, and exposure to toxins, to influence gene expression and shape development.

Answer 146

Correct answer: "b. Learning to walk" Continuous development refers to gradual and cumulative changes that occur over time. Learning to walk involves a continuous process of developing and refining motor skills.

Answer 147

Correct answer: "c. Interactionist perspective" The interactionist perspective emphasizes that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) interact and contribute to human development, recognizing the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.

Answer 148

Correct answer: "a. Plasticity" Plasticity refers to the capacity of a developing organism, such as the human brain, to change and adapt in response to experiences and environmental influences.

Answer 149

Correct answer: "d. Puberty" Normative age-graded influences are experiences that are typical and predictable based on an individual's age. Puberty is a normative age-graded influence as it involves the physical and hormonal changes that occur during adolescence.

Answer 150

Correct answer: "d. Gene" A gene is the basic unit of heredity, carrying the instructions for specific traits.

Answer 151

Correct answer: "c. Genotype" Genotype refers to the specific combination of genes an individual possesses.

Answer 152

Correct answer: "c. Ethnocentrism" Julia's belief that her own culture is superior to the local culture reflects an ethnocentric perspective. Ethnocentrism involves evaluating and judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often resulting in a biased or prejudiced view of other cultures.

Answer 153

Correct answer: "a. Environment" gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors, such as nutrition, exposure to toxins, and social interactions. 15. sarah, a social worker, believes that every culture should be appreciated and respected for its unique contributions and perspectives. this attitude reflects: • cultural relativism • multiculturalism • ethnocentrism • cultural assimilation feedback sarah's belief that every culture should be appreciated and respected for its unique contributions and perspectives aligns with a multicultural perspective. multiculturalism emphasizes the value of diversity and promotes the understanding and acceptance of different cultures, avoiding ethnocentric biases.

Answer 154

Correct answer: "I. Fraternal Twins" dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins, develop from separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. they share about 50% of their genes, like any non-twin siblings.

Answer 155

Correct answer: "a. To compare the traits of twins with non-twin individuals." twin studies help researchers estimate the relative influence of genes and environmental factors by comparing the similarities between identical twins and fraternal twins.

Answer 156

Correct answer: "a. Huntington's disease" Huntington's disease is an example of a dominant genetic disorder, where a single copy of the mutated gene from either parent is sufficient to cause the disorder.

Answer 157

Correct answer: "a. Companionate love" In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, companionate love is characterized by intimacy and commitment but lacks passion. Anna and David have a deep emotional bond and trust, representing the intimacy and commitment components of love, but their relationship lacks the passionate and sexual elements.

Answer 158

Correct answer: "b. Romantic love" In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, romantic love is characterized by passion and intimacy but lacks commitment. Sarah and Michael have a passionate and intense relationship, indicating the presence of passion, but their difficulties in maintaining commitment suggest a lack of long-term commitment.

Answer 159

Correct answer: "a. The importance of early childhood experiences." the life-span perspective recognizes that development is a lifelong process involving both continuity (consistency in patterns and traits) and change (growth, learning, and adaptation) from birth until death.

Answer 160

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors only." the life-span perspective acknowledges that development is shaped by the interaction between genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture), rather than being solely determined by one or the other.

Answer 161

Correct answer: "a. Development occurs in distinct stages." the life-span perspective recognizes that development is influenced by cultural norms, historical events, and societal changes that vary across time and place. it emphasizes the importance of considering these contextual factors in understanding human development.

Answer 162

Correct answer: " . " the life-span perspective emphasizes that development is multidimensional, involving various aspects of an individual's life, and multidirectional, with growth occurring in some areas while decline happens in others. it rejects the notion of development being solely linear or unidirectional.

Answer 163

Correct answer: "p. spective's view of aging?" the life-span perspective acknowledges that aging is a complex process that involves both positive aspects (gains) such as wisdom and emotional well-being, as well as negative aspects (losses) such as physical decline and memory difficulties. it recognizes that the experience of aging varies across individuals and cultures.

Answer 164

Correct answer: "a. Biology and socioeconomic status." the life-span perspective emphasizes the importance of both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) in shaping human development. it recognizes that these factors interact and contribute to an individual's growth and outcomes.

Answer 165

Correct answer: "a. As a series of predictable and predetermined stages." the life-span perspective recognizes that development occurs in a dynamic context influenced by historical, social, and cultural changes. it moves beyond the notion that development is limited to childhood and acknowledges its ongoing nature throughout the entire life span.

Answer 166

Correct answer: "i. act development according to the life-span perspective?" according to the life-span perspective, life events such as transitions, milestones, and societal changes can significantly impact an individual's development. the transition from high school to college represents a significant life event that can influence various aspects of development, including identity formation, social relationships, and academic achievement.

Answer 167

Correct answer: "i. luenced by both:" the life-span perspective emphasizes that development is influenced by both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). it recognizes the complex interaction between these factors in shaping human development and behavior.

Answer 168

Correct answer: "d. Cultural norms and expectations" the mechanistic model views development as a result of external environmental influences, such as rewards, punishments, and social reinforcement, which shape behavior and learning.

Answer 169

Correct answer: "a. Passive responses to environmental stimuli" the organismic model proposes that development is driven by the active engagement of the individual with their environment. it emphasizes the role of an individual's internal drive, curiosity, and ability to regulate their own behavior and learning.

Answer 170

Correct answer: "a. Continuous and gradual" the mechanistic model sees development as a continuous process, with changes occurring incrementally over time. it rejects the notion of distinct stages and emphasizes the importance of environmental influences.

Answer 171

Correct answer: "a. Linear and predictable patterns" the organismic model suggests that development follows dynamic and complex pathways, influenced by interactions between the individual and their environment. it recognizes that development is influenced by multiple factors and is not strictly predetermined or fixed.

Answer 172

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors that shape development" normative influences are societal or cultural expectations and norms that shape an individual's behavior, values, and development. they reflect the social standards and expectations within a particular context.

Answer 173

Correct answer: "a. Social learning theory" the mechanistic model aligns with social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of external environmental influences, reinforcement, and observational learning in shaping behavior and development.

Answer 174

Correct answer: "a. Cognitive processes and problem-solving" the organismic model emphasizes the active role of an individual's cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning, in driving their development and adaptation to the environment.

Answer 175

Correct answer: "a. Individual differences and unique characteristics" normative influences focus on the cultural and societal expectations that shape an individual's behavior, values, and development. they represent the shared norms, values, and standards within a specific cultural or social group.

Answer 176

Correct answer: "b. Humanistic psychology" the mechanistic model aligns with the behaviorist approach to psychology, which emphasizes the role of environmental influences, conditioning, and reinforcement in shaping behavior and development. 40. normative influences can be categorized as: • universal or individual • developmental or contextual • biological or environmental • prescriptive or proscriptive feedback normative influences can be categorized as developmental, referring to changes that occur during specific periods of development, or contextual, referring to the influence of cultural, societal, and environmental factors on an individual's development and behavior.

Answer 177

Correct answer: "g. delines for ethical conduct in:" the apa provides guidelines for ethical conduct in all areas of psychology, including research, practice, counseling, therapy, teaching, and supervision. these guidelines ensure that psychologists uphold the highest standards of professionalism and ethical behavior.

Answer 178

Correct answer: "a. " informed consent requires that participants in research or clients in therapy have a clear understanding of the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits involved. it emphasizes their right to make an informed decision about whether to participate.

Answer 179

Correct answer: "a. There is a legal obligation to disclose information" while psychologists are generally expected to maintain confidentiality, there are situations where they may be legally or ethically obligated to disclose information. these include situations where there is a duty to warn or protect others from harm, when required by law, or when necessary to advance scientific knowledge with appropriate safeguards.

Answer 180

Correct answer: "p. chology" the pap promotes research and scholarship in psychology, collaboration with international psychology organizations to foster knowledge exchange and professional growth, and advocates for accessible mental healthcare for all individuals in the philippines.

Answer 181

Correct answer: "a. Ethical principles in psychological research and practice." the pap places a strong emphasis on ethical principles in conducting research and providing psychological services. it promotes the highest standards of ethical conduct to ensure the well-being and protection of individuals participating in research or seeking psychological help.

Answer 182

Correct answer: "a. Cultural competence and sensitivity in practice." the pap promotes the development of cultural competence and sensitivity among psychologists. this includes understanding and respecting diverse cultural backgrounds, values, and beliefs of clients to provide effective and appropriate psychological services that are sensitive to cultural differences and needs.

Answer 183

Correct answer: "a. 1892" The American Psychological Association (AP was founded in 1892 by a small group of psychologists and has since grown to become the largest professional organization for psychologists in the United States. It was initially established to advance psychology as a science and profession.

Answer 184

Correct answer: "a. 1939" The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) was established in 1939 as a professional organization for psychologists in the Philippines. It was formed with the aim of promoting the development of psychology as a discipline and profession in the country.

Answer 185

Correct answer: "a. G. Stanley Hall" g. stanley hall served as the first president of the american psychological association (ap from 1892 to 1893. he was a prominent psychologist and played a significant role in establishing psychology as a distinct scientific discipline in the united states.

Answer 186

Correct answer: "V. gilio Enriquez served as the first president of the Psychological" the apa played a significant role in the development and standardization of the mmpi, which is one of the most widely used psychological tests for assessing personality traits and psychopathology.

Answer 187

Correct answer: "a. Indigenous psychologies" The PAP has been actively involved in promoting the development and recognition of indigenous psychologies in the Philippines. It aims to integrate traditional Filipino knowledge, values, and practices with Western psychology to create a culturally sensitive and relevant approach to psychological research and practice.

Answer 188

Correct answer: "C. duct" the apa played a crucial role in the establishment and ongoing revision of its own ethics code, which is known as the ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. this code provides guidelines for ethical behavior in research, teaching, and practice for psychologists in the united states.

Answer 189

Correct answer: "a. Mental healthcare policies and services" The PAP has been actively involved in advocating for the improvement of mental healthcare policies and services in the Philippines. It works to promote access to quality mental healthcare, raise awareness about mental health issues, and advocate for the rights and well-being of individuals with mental health concerns.

Answer 190

Correct answer: "a. Cross-sectional design" cross-sectional designs involve collecting data from different age groups at a single point in time. researchers can compare different age groups to examine developmental changes or differences in variables.

Answer 191

Correct answer: "c. Longitudinal design" longitudinal designs involve following the same participants over an extended period of time. researchers collect data at multiple time points, allowing them to examine individual trajectories of development and changes over time.

Answer 192

Correct answer: "b. Sequential design" sequential designs involve collecting data from different age groups at multiple time points. this design allows researchers to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal effects and provides a more comprehensive understanding of development.

Answer 193

Correct answer: "c. Experimental design" experimental designs involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable. researchers can use this design to study the effects of specific interventions or treatments on developmental outcomes.

Answer 194

Correct answer: "b. Quasi-experimental design" quasi-experimental designs are used when random assignment to groups is not possible or practical. researchers still manipulate an independent variable but do not have full control over the assignment of participants to groups.

Answer 195

Correct answer: "a. Sequential design" sequential designs involve combining different age groups, multiple time points, and experimental manipulation. this design allows researchers to examine both age-related and cohort-related effects on development while also manipulating variables of interest.

Answer 196

Correct answer: "c. Phallic stage" In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, the phallic stage occurs during the preschool years (around 3 to 6 years ol. During this stage, children develop curiosity about their bodies and become aware of gender differences. The Oedipus and Electra complexes are significant conflicts during this stage, related to the child's developing sexual and romantic feelings.

Answer 197

Correct answer: "c. Ego Integrity vs. Despair" olivia's reflection on her life, feeling of fulfillment, and sharing wisdom with younger generations indicate that she is in the stage of ego integrity vs. despair. this stage occurs during late adulthood, and individuals strive to develop a sense of integrity and satisfaction with their life choices.

Answer 198

Correct answer: "c. Identity vs. Role Confusion" daniel's active exploration of interests, values, and potential career paths, as well as his search for identity, indicate that he is in the stage of identity vs. role confusion. this stage occurs during adolescence, and individuals strive to establish a sense of identity and a coherent understanding of themselves.

Answer 199

Correct answer: "b. Industry vs. Inferiority" maya's participation in extracurricular activities, pride in her accomplishments, and motivation to learn new skills indicate that she is in the stage of industry vs. inferiority. this stage occurs during middle childhood, and individuals strive to develop a sense of competence and industry.

Answer 200

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" ethan's ability to mentally represent objects and actions and imagine how a tower of blocks would look with more blocks indicates that he is in the preoperational stage. this stage occurs roughly from 2 to 7 years old and is characterized by the development of symbolic thought, pretend play, and egocentric thinking.

Answer 201

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" mia's inability to understand conservation, as evidenced by her belief that the taller glass has more water, is characteristic of the preoperational stage. in this stage, children have difficulty grasping the concept of conservation and often focus on perceptual aspects rather than logical reasoning.

Answer 202

Correct answer: "c. Concrete operational stage" lily's ability to understand transitivity, as demonstrated by her understanding of the relationship between a, b, and c, is characteristic of the concrete operational stage. this stage typically occurs around 7 to 11 years old and is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.

Answer 203

Correct answer: "b. Circular reactions" Ethan's behavior of shaking the rattle and smiling in response to the movement is characteristic of the circular reactions substage. During this substage (around 4 to 8 months ol, infants repeat actions to explore their effects and learn about cause and effect relationships.

Answer 204

Correct answer: "c. Deferred imitation" Deferred imitation is a psychological term for a process that all humans undergo, most notably during early childhood. It is a process in which a child will observe someone, usually an adult, completing an action. The child will then, after a period of time, imitate the action.

Answer 205

Correct answer: "•. " sofia's ability to correctly conclude that the amount of water remains the same, despite the change in appearance, reflects her understanding of conservation. conservation is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage (around 7 to 11 years ol, during which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.

Answer 206

Correct answer: "c. Concrete operational stage" ethan's ability to engage in mental operations, such as mentally calculating the area of a rectangle, reflects his cognitive development in the concrete operational stage. mental operations involve the ability to manipulate and reason about abstract concepts, which is a hallmark of this stage.

Answer 207

Correct answer: "S. ge" sarah's response that stealing is wrong because of the fear of punishment reflects the moral reasoning of stage 1. at this stage, individuals focus on avoiding punishment and obeying authority.

Answer 208

Correct answer: "S. ge" emma's decision to return the wallet based on her belief that it's the right thing to do and to be seen as trustworthy reflects the moral reasoning of stage 3. at this stage, individuals seek to maintain good interpersonal relationships and conform to social expectations.

Answer 209

Correct answer: "S. ge" jacob's active participation in volunteering activities based on his belief in contributing to the well-being of others reflects the moral reasoning of stage 6. at this highest stage of moral development, individuals operate based on universal ethical principles that transcend specific social norms.

Answer 210

Correct answer: "•. " maria's difficulty adjusting to the new school environment and struggling to make friends are influenced by the interactions and relationships within her immediate settings, such as her interactions with classmates and teachers. the mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions between different microsystems.

Answer 211

Correct answer: "c. Exosystem" James' experience of finding support, friendship, and a sense of belonging through online communities is influenced by the exosystem. The exosystem represents broader social settings that indirectly affect an individual, such as societal norms, media, and technology.

Answer 212

Correct answer: "a. Microsystem" Alex's experience of attending a high-quality early childhood education program, receiving nurturing care, and engaging in developmentally appropriate activities is influenced by the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate settings in which an individual interacts, such as family, school, and peer groups.

Answer 213

Correct answer: "d. Macrosystem" Emily's experience of growing up in a society that promotes gender equality, provides opportunities for women's empowerment, and supports her educational and career pursuits is influenced by the macrosystem. The macrosystem encompasses cultural values, societal norms, and broader social and political ideologies.

Answer 214

Correct answer: "a. Scaffolding" The teacher providing guidance and demonstrating the proper technique for building a stable tower is an example of scaffolding in Sociocultural Theory. Scaffolding refers to the support or assistance provided by a more knowledgeable individual to help a learner accomplish a task that they would not be able to do independently.

Answer 215

Correct answer: "H. classmate, Lily, who has a better understanding of the topic," jack's interaction with lily, where she explains the steps to solve the complex math problem and jack successfully solves it with her help, illustrates the zone of proximal development. the zpd refers to the range of tasks that a learner cannot yet accomplish independently but can achieve with the guidance or support of a more knowledgeable person.

Answer 216

Correct answer: "d. Social interaction" Ethan's active listening, providing feedback, and building upon his classmates' contributions during the group project exemplify the importance of social interaction in Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and collaboration in shaping cognitive development and learning.

Answer 217

Correct answer: "b. Avoidant attachment" Emma's lack of interest or reaction and avoidance of physical contact upon the return of her primary caregiver are consistent with the behavior of a child with an avoidant attachment style. In this attachment pattern, children may appear emotionally distant or detached and minimize seeking comfort from the caregiver.

Answer 218

Correct answer: "c. Resistant attachment" Noah's ambivalent behavior, seeking comfort but also resisting contact upon the return of his primary caregiver, aligns with the behavior of a child with a resistant attachment style. In this attachment pattern, children may display clingy or inconsistent behavior, expressing a mix of approach and resistance toward the caregiver.

Answer 219

Correct answer: "d. Disorganized attachment" Ethan's display of contradictory behaviors, freezing, confusion, or stereotypical movements during the reunion with his primary caregiver, reflects the behavior of a child with a disorganized attachment style. Disorganized attachment is characterized by inconsistent or atypical behaviors and is often associated with adverse caregiving experiences.

Answer 220

Correct answer: "a. Rapprochement" Mia's active exploration of her environment while frequently checking back with her primary caregiver for reassurance and comfort aligns with the behavior observed during the Rapprochement phase described by Mahler. During this phase (around 1 to 2 years ol, children develop a balance between the need for autonomy and the need for a secure attachment figure.

Answer 221

Correct answer: "c. Identity moratorium" sarah's exploration of different religions and beliefs indicates a state of identity moratorium. in this identity status, individuals are actively exploring different options and possibilities without having made firm commitments.

Answer 222

Correct answer: "d. Identity achievement" jake's consideration of different factors and his commitment to a career in medicine align with the identity achievement status. in this identity status, individuals have actively explored options and made firm commitments based on their own values and goals.

Answer 223

Correct answer: "b. Identity foreclosure" Emma's decision to pursue a career that is expected of her, without exploring other options or considering her own interests and values, reflects the identity foreclosure status. In this identity status, individuals make commitments without engaging in exploration.

Answer 224

Correct answer: "a. Identity diffusion" Liam's uncertainty, confusion, and lack of firm commitments reflect the identity diffusion status. In this identity status, individuals have not yet explored different options or made commitments, often resulting in a state of confusion and uncertainty.

Answer 225

Correct answer: "c. Single-gene disorder" jeremy's genetic disorder affecting the production of red blood cells is likely caused by a mutation or abnormality in a single gene. single-gene disorders are caused by changes in a specific gene and can result in various health conditions.

Answer 226

Correct answer: "b. Chromosomal abnormality" emma's condition of having an extra copy of chromosome 21 is an example of a chromosomal abnormality. chromosomal abnormalities occur when there are structural changes or numerical variations in the chromosomes.

Answer 227

Correct answer: "a. Genetic and environmental factors" alzheimer's disease is primarily influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. while specific genes can contribute to the risk of developing the disease, other factors such as lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposures also play a role.

Answer 228

Correct answer: "a. Chromosome 21" Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.

Answer 229

Correct answer: "T. s condition is characterized by the absence or partial absence" turner syndrome is caused by the absence or partial absence of one of the x chromosomes in females. instead of having the usual xx chromosome pattern, individuals with turner syndrome have a single x chromosome.

Answer 230

Correct answer: "b. Embryonic period" the embryonic period, which occurs from approximately the third to the eighth week of prenatal development, is a critical time for the formation and development of major organ systems. it is during this period that the embryo is particularly vulnerable to teratogens, which are substances that can cause developmental abnormalities.

Answer 231

Correct answer: "b. Delayed physical growth" maternal exposure to harmful substances during prenatal development can have detrimental effects on various aspects of the developing fetus. it can lead to impaired cognitive development, delayed physical growth, and an increased risk of socioemotional difficulties in the child.

Answer 232

Correct answer: "b. Hearing" The sense of hearing is the most developed and functional sense during prenatal development. By the third trimester of pregnancy, the fetus can hear and respond to sounds in the environment. This early exposure to auditory stimuli can have an impact on later cognitive and language development.

Answer 233

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors" While genetic factors play a significant role in prenatal development, environmental factors, such as the mother's nutrition, exposure to toxins, and overall health, have the greatest influence on healthy prenatal development. The prenatal environment, including the mother's lifestyle and care, can significantly impact the developing fetus.

Answer 234

Correct answer: "b. Rooting reflex" The rooting reflex is triggered when a newborn's cheek is touched, causing them to turn their head toward the stimulus in search of a nipple or a source of food. This reflex helps facilitate breastfeeding and early feeding behaviors.

Answer 235

Correct answer: "a. Moro reflex" The Moro reflex is commonly referred to as the startle reflex. It is triggered by sudden stimuli, such as a loud noise or a sensation of falling, and results in the newborn spreading their arms and then bringing them back toward the body. This reflex is thought to have served a protective function in ancestral human infants.

Answer 236

Correct answer: "c. Babinski reflex" The Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the sole of a newborn's foot. The reflex causes the toes to fan out and curl upward. This response is a normal reflex in newborns, but it typically disappears as the nervous system develops.

Answer 237

Correct answer: "d. Grasp reflex" The grasp reflex is observed when an object is placed in a newborn's palm or fingers, and they automatically close their hand around the object. This reflex is an early motor response and typically disappears after a few months.

Answer 238

Correct answer: "d. Tonic neck reflex" the tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex or asymmetric tonic neck reflex, is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side. in response, the arm and leg on the side the head is facing extend, while the opposite arm and leg flex. this reflex helps lay the foundation for later voluntary movements.

Answer 239

Correct answer: "b. Suck reflex" The suck reflex is triggered when the roof of a newborn's mouth is touched, initiating a rhythmic sucking motion. This reflex is vital for feeding and allows newborns to obtain nourishment from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.

Answer 240

Correct answer: "a. Tonic neck reflex" the tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex or asymmetric tonic neck reflex, is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side. in response, the newborn automatically rotates their body in the same direction. this reflex aids in the development of coordination and helps prepare the infant for more complex movements.

Answer 241

Correct answer: "a. Plantar reflex" The plantar reflex is observed when a newborn's foot is pressed against a surface, causing them to push against it with their toes. This reflex helps with balance and posture development.

Answer 242

Correct answer: "a. Suck reflex" The suck reflex is triggered when a newborn's lips are touched or stroked, resulting in the puckering of their lips as if preparing to suck. This reflex facilitates feeding and the intake of nourishment.

Answer 243

Correct answer: "a. Walking reflex" the walking reflex, also referred to as the stepping reflex, is observed when a newborn is held upright with their feet touching a solid surface. they will make stepping movements as if attempting to walk. although this reflex is present at birth, it typically disappears within a few weeks.

Answer 244

Correct answer: "a. Autism spectrum disorder" The lack of response to name calling and minimal interest in social interactions in a 9-month-old infant may raise concerns about autism spectrum disorder (AS. It is important to consult with healthcare professionals for a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis.

Answer 245

Correct answer: "c. Normal temperamental variations" excessive tantrums, difficulties with transitions, and intense emotional reactions are common in toddlers and often represent normal temperamental variations. toddlers are learning to regulate their emotions and assert their independence, which can manifest in emotional outbursts.

Answer 246

Correct answer: "a. Gross motor delay" the absence of rolling over or attempts to sit independently in a 6- month-old infant may indicate a gross motor delay. it is important to monitor motor development and consult a healthcare professional if there are significant delays or concerns.

Answer 247

Correct answer: "t. ing turns during playtime. This behavior is typical of:" during early childhood, children are still developing their understanding of others' perspectives and may exhibit egocentric behaviors, such as difficulty sharing and taking turns. this behavior is a typical part of their cognitive and social-emotional development.

Answer 248

Correct answer: "i. tructions, staying focused, and sitting still during structured" difficulties in following instructions, staying focused, and sitting still during structured activities in a 5-year-old may raise concerns about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adh. a comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals is needed to make an accurate diagnosis.

Answer 249

Correct answer: "i. an indication of:" engaging in imaginary play, creating elaborate storylines, and inventing characters is a normal part of early childhood development. pretend play enhances creativity, social skills, and cognitive abilities, fostering overall development.

Answer 250

Correct answer: "s. ool materials, keeping track of assignments, and completing" difficulties in organizing materials, managing assignments, and completing tasks on time in an 8-year-old may indicate learning difficulties or attention deficits. a comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals can help identify specific areas of need and provide appropriate support.

Answer 251

Correct answer: "b. Normal emotional development" experiencing negative emotions, such as sadness or irritability, and difficulties in emotion regulation are common during middle and late childhood as children navigate the complexities of emotions and social interactions. these challenges are often part of normal emotional development.

Answer 252

Correct answer: "a. Oppositional defiant disorder" Engaging in arguments and conflicts with peers, defiance toward authority figures, and refusal to follow rules in a 9-year-old may raise concerns about oppositional defiant disorder (OD. A comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals is needed for an accurate diagnosis.

Answer 253

Correct answer: "b. Peer pressure" A strong desire for peer acceptance and conformity, along with changing opinions or behaviors to fit in with the group, are common aspects of peer pressure during middle and late childhood. Peer influence plays a significant role in shaping social behaviors and choices during this stage.

Answer 254

Correct answer: "b. Extraversion" mccrae's five-factor model includes the following traits: openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. "honesty" is not specifically identified as one of the primary factors in this model.

Answer 255

Correct answer: "a. Openness to experience" Openness to experience refers to an individual's willingness to explore new ideas, engage in creative pursuits, and be receptive to novel experiences. John's characteristics of being imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences align with this trait.

Answer 256

Correct answer: "b. Extraversion" Extraversion refers to the degree to which an individual seeks social interactions, enjoys being around others, and is outgoing and assertive. Sarah's traits of being friendly, outgoing, and sociable align with the extraversion factor.

Answer 257

Correct answer: "c. Agreeableness" Agreeableness refers to an individual's tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and empathetic towards others. Michael's traits of being kind, considerate, and cooperative align with the agreeableness factor.

Answer 258

Correct answer: "d. Conscientiousness" Conscientiousness refers to an individual's level of organization, self-discipline, and reliability. Julia's traits of being organized, disciplined, and reliable align with the conscientiousness factor.

Answer 259

Correct answer: "d. Touch and hearing" during the sensorimotor stage, infants primarily explore their environment through the senses of touch and hearing. they use their hands and mouths to explore objects and rely on auditory cues to make sense of their surroundings.

Answer 260

Correct answer: "e. ect" in the later stages of the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the ability for symbolic representation, which allows them to use symbols or mental images to represent objects or events. they may engage in pretend play, using objects to represent other objects, people, or situations.

Answer 261

Correct answer: "b. Symbolic thought" symbolic thought, the ability to use symbols or mental representations to represent objects or events, is not fully developed in the sensorimotor stage. this ability emerges in later stages of cognitive development.

Answer 262

Correct answer: "c. Mental representation" Mental representation is not a substage of the Sensorimotor Stage. The actual substage progression includes reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and beginning of representational thought.

Answer 263

Correct answer: "d. Abstract reasoning" the sensorimotor stage, particularly the development of object permanence, lays the foundation for later cognitive concepts such as conservation, egocentrism, and abstract reasoning. it provides the building blocks for understanding the world and engaging in more complex cognitive processes.

Answer 264

Correct answer: "c. Pain cry" The pain cry is a high-pitched, intense cry that occurs suddenly and is usually accompanied by physical signs of distress. It can be triggered by discomfort, injury, or illness and may indicate the need for immediate attention and care.

Answer 265

Correct answer: "d. Whining cry" The whining cry is a rhythmic, repetitive cry with a lower intensity than other cries. It is often associated with fatigue, frustration, or mild discomfort. Infants may display this cry when they are tired, bored, or seeking attention.

Answer 266

Correct answer: "a. Basic cry" The basic cry is a combination of cries and vowel-like sounds and is the most common type of cry observed in infants. It typically indicates general needs such as hunger, fatigue, or discomfort. The basic cry can vary in intensity and can be accompanied by facial expressions and body movements.

Answer 267

Correct answer: "a. High activity level and intense reactions" easy children are known for their adaptable nature and ability to establish regular routines. they tend to have a positive mood, display low intensity of reactions, and adapt well to new experiences or changes in their environment.

Answer 268

Correct answer: "a. High activity level and intense reactions" slow-to-warm-up children are initially hesitant and cautious in new or unfamiliar situations. they may exhibit shyness, withdrawal, and a slow adaptation to new people or environments. given time and support, they gradually become more comfortable and less hesitant.

Answer 269

Correct answer: "b. Difficult children" difficult children, due to their strong-willed and challenging behavior, often present the greatest challenges for caregivers. their resistance to change and intense reactions can make it more demanding to meet their needs and manage their behaviors effectively. however, it's important to note that all temperament profiles present unique challenges, and caregivers may need to adjust their approaches to meet the needs of each child.

Answer 270

Correct answer: "c. Jean Piaget" preoperational thought is a stage of cognitive development proposed by jean piaget. it occurs approximately between the ages of 2 and 7 years old and is characterized by significant gains in language and symbolic representation.

Answer 271

Correct answer: "p. operational stage to:" symbolic function is a significant cognitive milestone in the preoperational stage. it involves the ability to use symbols, such as words, images, or gestures, to represent objects, actions, or events that are not physically present. this ability forms the basis for imaginative play, language development, and the understanding of symbolic representations in various domains.

Answer 272

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" intuitive thought is a characteristic of the preoperational stage. during this stage, which occurs roughly between ages 4 and 7, children begin to engage in more advanced thinking but still lack the ability for logical and systematic reasoning. intuitive thought refers to children's reliance on immediate perceptions and hunches rather than logical reasoning when solving problems or making judgments.

Answer 273

Correct answer: "a. Lack of symbolic representation" one of the limitations of preoperational thought is the difficulty in understanding the concept of conservation, which refers to the understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. preoperational children often focus on the most salient features and may not grasp the idea that the quantity or volume of a substance can remain the same even if it appears differently. this limitation gradually diminishes as children progress into the concrete operational stage.

Answer 274

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" Animism is a concept commonly observed during the preoperational stage of cognitive development, as proposed by Jean Piaget. Preoperational children tend to attribute lifelike qualities and intentions to inanimate objects, believing that they have thoughts, feelings, and intentions similar to humans.

Answer 275

Correct answer: "e. nt" transduction is a cognitive process observed during the preoperational stage of cognitive development. it involves making connections between unrelated events or ideas based on perceived associations, without necessarily understanding logical or cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 276

Correct answer: "a. ivities" according to parten's stages of play, associative play is a stage where children play alongside others, sharing materials and showing interest in what others are doing, but without significant organization or coordination of activities. they may observe, imitate, and be influenced by others' actions, but there is no formal organization or shared goals.

Answer 277

Correct answer: "c. Cooperative play" Cooperative play is the highest level of cognitive play. It involves children engaging in organized group activities with shared goals, coordinating their actions, and working together towards a common objective. In this stage, children display advanced cognitive and social skills, such as negotiation, problem-solving, and perspective-taking.

Answer 278

Correct answer: "b. Engaging in pretend play and imaginative activities" onlooker play is a stage where children observe others play without actively participating themselves. they may watch, comment, or ask questions about the play of others but do not engage directly in the play activity. it provides an opportunity for children to learn from observing and gain insight into different play behaviors and social interactions.

Answer 279

Correct answer: "b. Egoistic suicide" Egoistic suicide occurs when individuals experience a lack of social integration and connection to others. They may feel isolated, detached, or disconnected from social groups, resulting in higher suicide rates.

Answer 280

Correct answer: "a. High levels of social integration and collective identity" altruistic suicide occurs when individuals have a high level of social integration and a strong collective identity. they may be willing to sacrifice their lives for the greater good or the expectations of their social group.

Answer 281

Correct answer: "c. Anomic suicide" Anomic suicide occurs in situations where there is a breakdown of social norms, such as during times of social or economic upheaval. Individuals may feel a sense of normlessness, uncertainty, and a lack of moral regulation, which can contribute to higher suicide rates.

Answer 282

Correct answer: "a. Altruistic suicide" In this scenario, the woman's suicide is motivated by her strong adherence to societal expectations and her willingness to sacrifice her life for the sake of conformity and meeting social obligations. Altruistic suicide occurs in societies where there is a high degree of social integration and collective identity.

Answer 283

Correct answer: "c. Anomic suicide" In this scenario, the economic collapse and social unrest have disrupted the social order and undermined social norms and regulations. As a result, individuals may experience a sense of normlessness, uncertainty, and a lack of moral regulation, leading to higher suicide rates. Anomic suicide occurs during times of social or economic upheaval.

Answer 284

Correct answer: "c. Monosomy X" Monosomy X is also called Turner Syndrome, it is a syndrome wherein females have a missing X

Answer 285

Correct answer: "c. Patau's Syndrome" jacob's syndrome is also called as xyy syndrome.

Answer 286

Correct answer: "b. Patau's Syndrome" Patau's Syndrome is also called as Trisomy 13.

Answer 287

Correct answer: "•. " nbw - at least 7 pounds ; 5 ounces lbw - less than 5 pounds ; 8 ounces vlb - less than 3 pounds ; 4 ounces elb - less than 2 pounds

Answer 288

Correct answer: "a. Spontaneous Abortion" Spontaneous Abortion - Less than 20 weeks Stillbirth - After 20 weeks (approx. 5 months) SIDS - Crib death

Answer 289

Correct answer: "b. Situational Compliance" Situational Compliance - Extra assistance provided by their parents reminder and prompts to complete the task Committed Compliance - They were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention Riding-in-tandem Compliance - is gawa-gawa lang sowi huhu

Answer 290

Correct answer: "a. Gender Constancy" Gender Identity - Awareness of one's own gender and that of others Gender Constancy - The realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut Gender Schema Theory - It views children as actively extracting knowledge about gender from their environment before engaging in gender-typed behavior 190. Frequently nominated both bestie and most disliked • Controversial Children • Rejected Children • Popular Children • Neglected Children Feedback Average Children - Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations Neglected Children - Infrequently nominated as bestie but not really disliked Rejected Children - Disliked by peers Controversial Children - Frequently nominated both as bestie and most disliked Popular Children - Frequently nominated as bestie and rarely disliked by peers

Answer 291

Correct answer: "•. " assimilation - interpretation of new information via existing cognitive structure accommodation - involves changing cognitive structures to more closely align with what is encountered identity assimilation - involves holding onto a consistent sense of self in the face of new experiences that do not fit the current understanding of the self

Answer 292

Correct answer: "a. Identity Accommodation" Assimilation - Interpretation of new information via existing cognitive structure Accommodation - Involves changing cognitive structures to more closely align with what is encountered Identity Accommodation - Involves adjusting the identity schema to fit new experiences

Answer 293

Correct answer: "a. Generativity Scripts" Generativity Scripts – feature redemption and associated with psychological well-being Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon – returning to parent’s home, sometimes with their own families

Answer 294

Correct answer: "b. Narrative Psychology" Narrative Psychology - Views the development of self as a continuous process of constructing one's life story Empty Nest – occurs when the youngest child leaves home Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon – returning to parent’s home, sometimes with their own families

Answer 295

Correct answer: "a. Filial Crisis" Filial Crisis - Adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy in a two-way relationship Respite Care - Giving caregivers some time off Kinship Care - Grandparents that provides care but don’t become foster parents or gain custody, have no legal status and few rights

Answer 296

Correct answer: "b. Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline" Hospice Care – personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline – specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death Near-Death Experience – often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters

Answer 297

Correct answer: "a. Evolutionary Theory" Endocrine Theory - Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging Immunological Theory - Programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death Evolutionary Theory - Aging is an evolved trait thus genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher rates than genes that extend lives

Answer 298

Correct answer: "a. Death Seekers" Death Seekers – clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide Death Ignorers – do not believe that their self- inflicted death will mean the end of their existence Death Darers – experience mixed feelings, or ambivalence, about their intent to die, even at the moment of their attempt, and they show this ambivalence in the act itself

Answer 299

Correct answer: "a. Life-Span Development" Life-Span Development – Concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically Life-Span Perspective – Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss Growth Development - Uhmm... :> DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY RANDOM DRILLS BY MCGRAW- HILL GLOBAL EDUCATION HOLDINGS, LLC

Answer 300

Correct answer: "c. relational" constructive play involves using objects or materials to create or build something. si kidlat, nag-eexplore ng blocks para mag- create ng towers, which fits this type of play. functional play is simpler—like movements or sensorimotor actions (e.g., running or jumping) dramatic play involves imagination and pretend scenarios formal games with rules require organized procedures or penalties whiskerson often sits by himself in the corner of the playroom. he doesn’t interact with toys or children but appears to occasionally look around, seemingly lost in thought. based on parten’s dimensions of play, which type of play behavior is whiskerson demonstrating? • onlooker behavior • solitary independent play • unoccupied behavior • parallel play feedback unoccupied behavior happens when a child is not actively engaging with toys, other children, or any structured activity onlooker behavior involves watching others play, pero walang namention that whiskerson actively observes the other kids solitary independent play means playing alone with toys parallel play is playing side by side with others without direct interaction at 50, chandler bing notices that he has to hold reading materials further away to read clearly, and he also finds it harder to hear conversations in noisy environments. what is most likely happening to chandler's sensory functioning? • presbyopia and presbycusis • myopia and diminishing taste sensitivity • loss of muscle strength and presbycusis • diminishing olfactory cells and nearsightedness feedback presbyopia is the age related difficulty in focusing on near objects, that's why chandler has to hold reading materials farther away. presbycusis is the gradual hearing loss that usually happens as people get older, kaya nahihirapan siyang makarinig in a noisy environment myopia (nearsightedness) and diminishing taste sensitivity are not directly related to chandler's specific issue loss of muscle strength and diminishing olfactory cells are also relevant age-related changes but don’t directly explain chandler’s vision and hearing struggles during recess, koko overhears her classmates gossiping about her, spreading false rumors to exclude her from their group. which type of aggression does this scenario best illustrate? • instrumental aggression • relational aggression • hostile attributional bias • physical bullying feedback relational aggression involves harming someone’s social status or relationships. yung pag-spread ng rumors para ma-exclude si koko is an example of relational aggression instrumental aggression usually happens when aggression is used to achieve a goal (e.g., taking a toy) hostile attributional bias refers to assuming bad intentions from others dionela, who is beginning to take responsibility for completing his schoolwork without constant reminders. however, his parents still monitor his progress and provide guidance when needed. this scenario best illustrates which of the following concepts? • coregulation • authoritative parenting • internalizing behavior • externalizing behavior feedback coregulation happens during a transitional stage where parents provide general supervision, while children learn self-regulation. dionela's parents guide him and monitor his progress, pero si dionela na mismo yung gumagawa ng assignments niya koi spilled her juice on the table despite her mother’s repeated warnings to be careful. her mother reacts by turning away and ignoring koi for the rest of the afternoon. which parenting discipline strategy is koi’s mother using? • power assertion • withdrawal of love • inductive reasoning • positive reinforcement feedback withdrawal of love happens when a parent ignores, isolates, or shows disapproval to discipline a child. yung ginawa ng mom ni koi—ignoring her after the incident—fits this description power assertion would involve direct enforcement like yelling or punishment, which didn’t happen here. inductive reasoning involves explaining and teaching positive reinforcement is about rewarding good behavior mirako, a 6 year old, is playing with her toys and says aloud, "okay, the car goes here, then the truck goes there." her mom notices this and asks why she's talking to herself. mirako explains, "i’m just figuring out where to put them." what type of speech is mirako using? • private speech • pragmatics • social speech • fast mapping feedback private speech is when a child talks to themselves, usually to help guide their actions or thoughts. yung ginagawa ni mirako, nagpaplan siya habang naglalaro, kaya nagmo-monologue siya for self-guidance pragmatics deals with how we use language in social context social speech would involve trying to communicate with someone, but mirako is just talking to herself fast mapping refers to learning new words normandy excels in solving complex mathematical problems and analyzing research data. however, he often struggles with adjusting to new and creative challenges like brainstorming unique ideas for a project. which component of sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence does normandy demonstrate strength in? • analytical intelligence • creative intelligence • practical intelligence • emotional intelligence feedback analytical intelligence is about academic problem solving and computation. normandy is good at tasks like solving math problems and analyzing data—mga skills na aligned sa analytical abilities creative intelligence deals with imaginative problem solving, like brainstorming unique ideas, which normandy struggles with, so it’s not the answer practical intelligence focuses on "street smarts" or real-world application emotional intelligence isn’t part of the triarchic theory maladaptive tendency: ruthlessness malignant tendency: inhibition • autonomy vs. shame & doubt • inferiority vs. guilt • initiative vs. guilt • initiative vs. inferiority anne decides to drive recklessly with her friends, claiming, "wala namang mangyayari sa akin. i’m not like those other people who get into accidents." she often feels like her emotions are deeper and more intense than anyone else’s, saying, "no one will ever understand what i’m going through." what concept best explains anne’s mindset? • imaginary audience • egocentrism • personal fable • hypothetical-deductive reasoning feedback personal fable explains yung belief ni anne na she’s unique and invulnerable. yung reckless driving at pag feel na hindi siya maaaksidente shows this "special" mindset na parang exempted siya sa consequences. plus, yung feeling niya na "no one understands her" is another sign ng personal fable, kasi parang super unique and intense ng emotions niya compared to others. imaginary audience involves the belief na lahat ng tao ay nakatingin or napapansin siya egocentrism is more general self focus and doesn’t specifically cover her sense of invulnerability hypothetical-deductive reasoning is about systematic problem- solving ethics drills by yeonsu rpmtwt: @audaa_ a psychologist is working with a client who belongs to a cultural background different from their own. the client expresses beliefs that the psychologist personally disagrees with. what is the most ethical response? • politely correct the client’s beliefs to align them with mainstream psychological knowledge. • respect the client's beliefs and incorporate cultural sensitivity into therapy. • end the session early to avoid discussing the beliefs further. • inform the client that their beliefs are outdated and suggest they change them. feedback this aligns with respecting the dignity of persons by recognizing cultural diversity and avoiding discrimination. the psychologist must ensure therapy remains respectful and inclusive. a therapist is treating a 13 year old girl who shares personal concerns but asks the therapist not to tell their parents. what should the therapist do? • promise full confidentiality and never share anything with the parents. • respect the girl’s confidentiality unless there is a risk of harm. • immediately inform the parents of everything discussed in the session. • stop the therapy sessions to avoid legal complications. feedback while confidentiality is crucial, therapists must break it only if there is a risk of harm. since the therapist's client is 13 years old making her a minor, respecting the minor’s dignity means maintaining trust while ensuring safety. a psychologist is conducting research that requires participants to share sensitive personal information. what is the most ethical approach? • proceed with the research without informing participants fully, so they don’t get discouraged from participating. • obtain informed consent, explaining risks and ensuring participants voluntarily agree. • collect data without consent, as long as names are kept anonymous. • tell participants only the positive aspects of the study to encourage participation. feedback informed consent is essential to respecting participants' autonomy and dignity. deception or withholding information would violate ethical standards. a psychologist encounters a client with a rare psychological disorder that they are not trained to treat. what is the most ethical course of action? • continue working with the client, relying on general psychological knowledge. • research the disorder quickly and attempt to treat the client independently. • refer the client to a specialist with expertise in the disorder. • continue treating the client but avoid discussing topics related to the disorder. feedback ethical psychologists should only practice within their areas of competence. referring the client to a specialist ensures they receive proper care rather than risking harm through inadequate treatment. a therapist is feeling emotionally drained and notices they are struggling to focus during client sessions. what is the most ethical response? • continue seeing clients without making any changes. • take steps for self-care and, if necessary, take a temporary break from seeing clients. • start shortening sessions to reduce personal stress. • ignore personal well-being, as helping clients should always come first. feedback competent care includes maintaining the psychologist’s own well- being. if a therapist is unwell, they risk providing ineffective or harmful treatment. seeking self-care ensures they can continue helping clients effectively. a client reports experiencing severe anxiety, and the psychologist decides to use a controversial therapy technique they saw online but have never been trained in. is this ethical? • yes, as long as the psychologist believes it will help the client. • no, because using unverified methods without proper training can cause harm. • yes, but only if the psychologist tells the client it’s experimental. • no, unless the psychologist has seen other therapists use it successfully. feedback ethical practice requires psychologists to use only scientifically supported methods they are trained in. experimenting with unverified techniques could endanger the client's well-being. a psychologist is attending a workshop on new therapeutic techniques. how should they ethically apply this knowledge? • immediately use the techniques on clients, assuming they are effective. • wait until they receive full training and supervision before using them. • apply the techniques only to clients who consent to be test subjects. • avoid using the new techniques entirely, as change in therapy is risky. feedback professional competence requires proper training before applying new techniques. psychologists should ensure they are fully skilled in any method they use to protect their clients' well-being. a psychologist is publishing research results, but the data does not strongly support their hypothesis. what is the most ethical response? • modify the data slightly to make the results look more convincing. • publish the actual findings, even if they are not as expected. • exclude the data that does not support the hypothesis and publish only the favorable results. • delay publication until they find better supporting data. feedback integrity requires honesty in reporting research. modifying or selectively reporting data is unethical and can mislead the scientific community. a therapist realizes they made a mistake in diagnosing a client. what should they do? • inform the client and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan. • ignore the mistake to avoid losing the client’s trust. • continue with the incorrect diagnosis to maintain consistency. • avoid discussing the issue but subtly change the treatment approach. feedback integrity means being honest about errors and taking responsibility for correcting them. transparency builds trust and ensures ethical practice. a psychologist has a personal business selling wellness products. can they ethically recommend these products to their clients? • yes, as long as the products are beneficial. • yes, but only if they disclose that they own the business. • no, unless they give the products at a discount. • no, because this creates a conflict of interest. feedback integrity requires psychologists to avoid conflicts of interest. recommending personal products could bias their advice and exploit clients for financial gain. a psychologist is invited to speak at a public seminar and is asked to exaggerate claims about a new therapy technique to attract more participants. what should they do? • present the technique honestly, with its actual effectiveness. • exaggerate the claims to make the talk more engaging. • refuse to participate in the seminar altogether. • give vague, misleading information without making outright false statements. feedback integrity requires psychologists to be truthful and not mislead the public. presenting exaggerated claims is unethical and can harm clients who rely on accurate information. a psychologist discovers that a colleague is spreading misinformation about a mental health treatment on social media. what is the most ethical response? • publicly criticize the colleague to warn people about the misinformation. • ignore the situation, as it is not their responsibility. • privately discuss the issue with the colleague and encourage them to correct the information. • report the colleague to the licensing board immediately. feedback ethical responsibility to society includes promoting accurate psychological knowledge. addressing the issue privately first allows for professional resolution before escalating the matter. a psychologist is conducting a study that could benefit society, but it involves deceiving participants. how should they proceed? • use deception without informing participants, as long as the study results are valuable. • avoid using deception entirely, even if it means canceling the study. • use deception but ensure participants are fully debriefed afterward. • offer participants a financial incentive to make up for the deception. feedback deception is sometimes necessary in research, ethical guidelines require that participants are debriefed afterward to uphold their dignity and well-being. a psychologist is invited to consult for a company that wants to improve employee mental health. however, the company also asks them to provide personal psychological data about employees. what is the most ethical course of action? * • agree to share the data, as it could help improve workplace well-being. • provide only partial data without identifying individuals. • decline the offer entirely to avoid any ethical risks. • refuse to share personal data but still offer general recommendations for improving mental health. feedback psychologists have a responsibility to help society but must also protect individuals' privacy. providing general advice without breaching confidentiality is the ethical approach. a psychologist is asked to participate in a public campaign promoting mental health awareness. however, the campaign is sponsored by a company selling unproven supplements for mental well-being. what should they do? • join the campaign but clarify that they do not endorse the supplements. • accept the offer since the campaign benefits mental health awareness. • decline the offer to avoid endorsing misleading products. • participate but ask the company to remove their name from advertisements. feedback psychologists have a duty to society to promote ethical and accurate mental health information. associating with a company selling unproven supplements could mislead the public and damage professional integrity.

Answer 301

Answer and Rationale

Answer 302

Correct answer: "b. Developmental psychology" Developmental psychology focuses on the changes in human behavior, emotions, and cognition that occur from infancy through old age.

Answer 303

Correct answer: "b. Socialization" Socialization is the process through which individuals acquire the knowledge, values, and behaviors that are considered appropriate and acceptable within their specific cultural context.

Answer 304

Correct answer: "a. The impact of genes versus environmental factors on" the nature versus nurture debate examines the extent to which genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) contribute to an individual's development and traits.

Answer 305

Correct answer: "b. Development" Development refers to the capacity for change and growth in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional domains throughout an individual's lifespan.

Answer 306

Correct answer: "c. Early childhood" A critical period refers to a specific time frame during development when certain experiences must occur for normal development to take place. Early childhood is a critical period for language acquisition and certain cognitive and social skills.

Answer 307

Correct answer: "a. Epigenetics" Epigenetics is the study of how genetic factors interact with environmental factors, such as nutrition, stress, and exposure to toxins, to influence gene expression and shape development.

Answer 308

Correct answer: "b. Learning to walk" Continuous development refers to gradual and cumulative changes that occur over time. Learning to walk involves a continuous process of developing and refining motor skills.

Answer 309

Correct answer: "c. Interactionist perspective" The interactionist perspective emphasizes that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) interact and contribute to human development, recognizing the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.

Answer 310

Correct answer: "a. Plasticity" Plasticity refers to the capacity of a developing organism, such as the human brain, to change and adapt in response to experiences and environmental influences.

Answer 311

Correct answer: "d. Puberty" Normative age-graded influences are experiences that are typical and predictable based on an individual's age. Puberty is a normative age-graded influence as it involves the physical and hormonal changes that occur during adolescence.

Answer 312

Correct answer: "d. Gene" A gene is the basic unit of heredity, carrying the instructions for specific traits.

Answer 313

Correct answer: "c. Genotype" Genotype refers to the specific combination of genes an individual possesses.

Answer 314

Correct answer: "c. Ethnocentrism" Julia's belief that her own culture is superior to the local culture reflects an ethnocentric perspective. Ethnocentrism involves evaluating and judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often resulting in a biased or prejudiced view of other cultures.

Answer 315

Correct answer: "a. Environment" gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors, such as nutrition, exposure to toxins, and social interactions. 15. sarah, a social worker, believes that every culture should be appreciated and respected for its unique contributions and perspectives. this attitude reflects: • cultural relativism • multiculturalism • ethnocentrism • cultural assimilation feedback sarah's belief that every culture should be appreciated and respected for its unique contributions and perspectives aligns with a multicultural perspective. multiculturalism emphasizes the value of diversity and promotes the understanding and acceptance of different cultures, avoiding ethnocentric biases.

Answer 316

Correct answer: "I. Fraternal Twins" dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins, develop from separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. they share about 50% of their genes, like any non-twin siblings.

Answer 317

Correct answer: "a. To compare the traits of twins with non-twin individuals." twin studies help researchers estimate the relative influence of genes and environmental factors by comparing the similarities between identical twins and fraternal twins.

Answer 318

Correct answer: "a. Huntington's disease" Huntington's disease is an example of a dominant genetic disorder, where a single copy of the mutated gene from either parent is sufficient to cause the disorder.

Answer 319

Correct answer: "a. Companionate love" In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, companionate love is characterized by intimacy and commitment but lacks passion. Anna and David have a deep emotional bond and trust, representing the intimacy and commitment components of love, but their relationship lacks the passionate and sexual elements.

Answer 320

Correct answer: "b. Romantic love" In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, romantic love is characterized by passion and intimacy but lacks commitment. Sarah and Michael have a passionate and intense relationship, indicating the presence of passion, but their difficulties in maintaining commitment suggest a lack of long-term commitment.

Answer 321

Correct answer: "a. The importance of early childhood experiences." the life-span perspective recognizes that development is a lifelong process involving both continuity (consistency in patterns and traits) and change (growth, learning, and adaptation) from birth until death.

Answer 322

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors only." the life-span perspective acknowledges that development is shaped by the interaction between genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture), rather than being solely determined by one or the other.

Answer 323

Correct answer: "a. Development occurs in distinct stages." the life-span perspective recognizes that development is influenced by cultural norms, historical events, and societal changes that vary across time and place. it emphasizes the importance of considering these contextual factors in understanding human development.

Answer 324

Correct answer: " . " the life-span perspective emphasizes that development is multidimensional, involving various aspects of an individual's life, and multidirectional, with growth occurring in some areas while decline happens in others. it rejects the notion of development being solely linear or unidirectional.

Answer 325

Correct answer: "p. spective's view of aging?" the life-span perspective acknowledges that aging is a complex process that involves both positive aspects (gains) such as wisdom and emotional well-being, as well as negative aspects (losses) such as physical decline and memory difficulties. it recognizes that the experience of aging varies across individuals and cultures.

Answer 326

Correct answer: "a. Biology and socioeconomic status." the life-span perspective emphasizes the importance of both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) in shaping human development. it recognizes that these factors interact and contribute to an individual's growth and outcomes.

Answer 327

Correct answer: "a. As a series of predictable and predetermined stages." the life-span perspective recognizes that development occurs in a dynamic context influenced by historical, social, and cultural changes. it moves beyond the notion that development is limited to childhood and acknowledges its ongoing nature throughout the entire life span.

Answer 328

Correct answer: "i. act development according to the life-span perspective?" according to the life-span perspective, life events such as transitions, milestones, and societal changes can significantly impact an individual's development. the transition from high school to college represents a significant life event that can influence various aspects of development, including identity formation, social relationships, and academic achievement.

Answer 329

Correct answer: "i. luenced by both:" the life-span perspective emphasizes that development is influenced by both genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). it recognizes the complex interaction between these factors in shaping human development and behavior.

Answer 330

Correct answer: "d. Cultural norms and expectations" the mechanistic model views development as a result of external environmental influences, such as rewards, punishments, and social reinforcement, which shape behavior and learning.

Answer 331

Correct answer: "a. Passive responses to environmental stimuli" the organismic model proposes that development is driven by the active engagement of the individual with their environment. it emphasizes the role of an individual's internal drive, curiosity, and ability to regulate their own behavior and learning.

Answer 332

Correct answer: "a. Continuous and gradual" the mechanistic model sees development as a continuous process, with changes occurring incrementally over time. it rejects the notion of distinct stages and emphasizes the importance of environmental influences.

Answer 333

Correct answer: "a. Linear and predictable patterns" the organismic model suggests that development follows dynamic and complex pathways, influenced by interactions between the individual and their environment. it recognizes that development is influenced by multiple factors and is not strictly predetermined or fixed.

Answer 334

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors that shape development" normative influences are societal or cultural expectations and norms that shape an individual's behavior, values, and development. they reflect the social standards and expectations within a particular context.

Answer 335

Correct answer: "a. Social learning theory" the mechanistic model aligns with social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of external environmental influences, reinforcement, and observational learning in shaping behavior and development.

Answer 336

Correct answer: "a. Cognitive processes and problem-solving" the organismic model emphasizes the active role of an individual's cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning, in driving their development and adaptation to the environment.

Answer 337

Correct answer: "a. Individual differences and unique characteristics" normative influences focus on the cultural and societal expectations that shape an individual's behavior, values, and development. they represent the shared norms, values, and standards within a specific cultural or social group.

Answer 338

Correct answer: "b. Humanistic psychology" the mechanistic model aligns with the behaviorist approach to psychology, which emphasizes the role of environmental influences, conditioning, and reinforcement in shaping behavior and development. 40. normative influences can be categorized as: • universal or individual • developmental or contextual • biological or environmental • prescriptive or proscriptive feedback normative influences can be categorized as developmental, referring to changes that occur during specific periods of development, or contextual, referring to the influence of cultural, societal, and environmental factors on an individual's development and behavior.

Answer 339

Correct answer: "g. delines for ethical conduct in:" the apa provides guidelines for ethical conduct in all areas of psychology, including research, practice, counseling, therapy, teaching, and supervision. these guidelines ensure that psychologists uphold the highest standards of professionalism and ethical behavior.

Answer 340

Correct answer: "a. " informed consent requires that participants in research or clients in therapy have a clear understanding of the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits involved. it emphasizes their right to make an informed decision about whether to participate.

Answer 341

Correct answer: "a. There is a legal obligation to disclose information" while psychologists are generally expected to maintain confidentiality, there are situations where they may be legally or ethically obligated to disclose information. these include situations where there is a duty to warn or protect others from harm, when required by law, or when necessary to advance scientific knowledge with appropriate safeguards.

Answer 342

Correct answer: "p. chology" the pap promotes research and scholarship in psychology, collaboration with international psychology organizations to foster knowledge exchange and professional growth, and advocates for accessible mental healthcare for all individuals in the philippines.

Answer 343

Correct answer: "a. Ethical principles in psychological research and practice." the pap places a strong emphasis on ethical principles in conducting research and providing psychological services. it promotes the highest standards of ethical conduct to ensure the well-being and protection of individuals participating in research or seeking psychological help.

Answer 344

Correct answer: "a. Cultural competence and sensitivity in practice." the pap promotes the development of cultural competence and sensitivity among psychologists. this includes understanding and respecting diverse cultural backgrounds, values, and beliefs of clients to provide effective and appropriate psychological services that are sensitive to cultural differences and needs.

Answer 345

Correct answer: "a. 1892" The American Psychological Association (AP was founded in 1892 by a small group of psychologists and has since grown to become the largest professional organization for psychologists in the United States. It was initially established to advance psychology as a science and profession.

Answer 346

Correct answer: "a. 1939" The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) was established in 1939 as a professional organization for psychologists in the Philippines. It was formed with the aim of promoting the development of psychology as a discipline and profession in the country.

Answer 347

Correct answer: "a. G. Stanley Hall" g. stanley hall served as the first president of the american psychological association (ap from 1892 to 1893. he was a prominent psychologist and played a significant role in establishing psychology as a distinct scientific discipline in the united states.

Answer 348

Correct answer: "V. gilio Enriquez served as the first president of the Psychological" the apa played a significant role in the development and standardization of the mmpi, which is one of the most widely used psychological tests for assessing personality traits and psychopathology.

Answer 349

Correct answer: "a. Indigenous psychologies" The PAP has been actively involved in promoting the development and recognition of indigenous psychologies in the Philippines. It aims to integrate traditional Filipino knowledge, values, and practices with Western psychology to create a culturally sensitive and relevant approach to psychological research and practice.

Answer 350

Correct answer: "C. duct" the apa played a crucial role in the establishment and ongoing revision of its own ethics code, which is known as the ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. this code provides guidelines for ethical behavior in research, teaching, and practice for psychologists in the united states.

Answer 351

Correct answer: "a. Mental healthcare policies and services" The PAP has been actively involved in advocating for the improvement of mental healthcare policies and services in the Philippines. It works to promote access to quality mental healthcare, raise awareness about mental health issues, and advocate for the rights and well-being of individuals with mental health concerns.

Answer 352

Correct answer: "a. Cross-sectional design" cross-sectional designs involve collecting data from different age groups at a single point in time. researchers can compare different age groups to examine developmental changes or differences in variables.

Answer 353

Correct answer: "c. Longitudinal design" longitudinal designs involve following the same participants over an extended period of time. researchers collect data at multiple time points, allowing them to examine individual trajectories of development and changes over time.

Answer 354

Correct answer: "b. Sequential design" sequential designs involve collecting data from different age groups at multiple time points. this design allows researchers to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal effects and provides a more comprehensive understanding of development.

Answer 355

Correct answer: "c. Experimental design" experimental designs involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable. researchers can use this design to study the effects of specific interventions or treatments on developmental outcomes.

Answer 356

Correct answer: "b. Quasi-experimental design" quasi-experimental designs are used when random assignment to groups is not possible or practical. researchers still manipulate an independent variable but do not have full control over the assignment of participants to groups.

Answer 357

Correct answer: "a. Sequential design" sequential designs involve combining different age groups, multiple time points, and experimental manipulation. this design allows researchers to examine both age-related and cohort-related effects on development while also manipulating variables of interest.

Answer 358

Correct answer: "c. Phallic stage" In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, the phallic stage occurs during the preschool years (around 3 to 6 years ol. During this stage, children develop curiosity about their bodies and become aware of gender differences. The Oedipus and Electra complexes are significant conflicts during this stage, related to the child's developing sexual and romantic feelings.

Answer 359

Correct answer: "c. Ego Integrity vs. Despair" olivia's reflection on her life, feeling of fulfillment, and sharing wisdom with younger generations indicate that she is in the stage of ego integrity vs. despair. this stage occurs during late adulthood, and individuals strive to develop a sense of integrity and satisfaction with their life choices.

Answer 360

Correct answer: "c. Identity vs. Role Confusion" daniel's active exploration of interests, values, and potential career paths, as well as his search for identity, indicate that he is in the stage of identity vs. role confusion. this stage occurs during adolescence, and individuals strive to establish a sense of identity and a coherent understanding of themselves.

Answer 361

Correct answer: "b. Industry vs. Inferiority" maya's participation in extracurricular activities, pride in her accomplishments, and motivation to learn new skills indicate that she is in the stage of industry vs. inferiority. this stage occurs during middle childhood, and individuals strive to develop a sense of competence and industry.

Answer 362

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" ethan's ability to mentally represent objects and actions and imagine how a tower of blocks would look with more blocks indicates that he is in the preoperational stage. this stage occurs roughly from 2 to 7 years old and is characterized by the development of symbolic thought, pretend play, and egocentric thinking.

Answer 363

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" mia's inability to understand conservation, as evidenced by her belief that the taller glass has more water, is characteristic of the preoperational stage. in this stage, children have difficulty grasping the concept of conservation and often focus on perceptual aspects rather than logical reasoning.

Answer 364

Correct answer: "c. Concrete operational stage" lily's ability to understand transitivity, as demonstrated by her understanding of the relationship between a, b, and c, is characteristic of the concrete operational stage. this stage typically occurs around 7 to 11 years old and is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.

Answer 365

Correct answer: "b. Circular reactions" Ethan's behavior of shaking the rattle and smiling in response to the movement is characteristic of the circular reactions substage. During this substage (around 4 to 8 months ol, infants repeat actions to explore their effects and learn about cause and effect relationships.

Answer 366

Correct answer: "c. Deferred imitation" Deferred imitation is a psychological term for a process that all humans undergo, most notably during early childhood. It is a process in which a child will observe someone, usually an adult, completing an action. The child will then, after a period of time, imitate the action.

Answer 367

Correct answer: "•. " sofia's ability to correctly conclude that the amount of water remains the same, despite the change in appearance, reflects her understanding of conservation. conservation is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage (around 7 to 11 years ol, during which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.

Answer 368

Correct answer: "c. Concrete operational stage" ethan's ability to engage in mental operations, such as mentally calculating the area of a rectangle, reflects his cognitive development in the concrete operational stage. mental operations involve the ability to manipulate and reason about abstract concepts, which is a hallmark of this stage.

Answer 369

Correct answer: "S. ge" sarah's response that stealing is wrong because of the fear of punishment reflects the moral reasoning of stage 1. at this stage, individuals focus on avoiding punishment and obeying authority.

Answer 370

Correct answer: "S. ge" emma's decision to return the wallet based on her belief that it's the right thing to do and to be seen as trustworthy reflects the moral reasoning of stage 3. at this stage, individuals seek to maintain good interpersonal relationships and conform to social expectations.

Answer 371

Correct answer: "S. ge" jacob's active participation in volunteering activities based on his belief in contributing to the well-being of others reflects the moral reasoning of stage 6. at this highest stage of moral development, individuals operate based on universal ethical principles that transcend specific social norms.

Answer 372

Correct answer: "•. " maria's difficulty adjusting to the new school environment and struggling to make friends are influenced by the interactions and relationships within her immediate settings, such as her interactions with classmates and teachers. the mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions between different microsystems.

Answer 373

Correct answer: "c. Exosystem" James' experience of finding support, friendship, and a sense of belonging through online communities is influenced by the exosystem. The exosystem represents broader social settings that indirectly affect an individual, such as societal norms, media, and technology.

Answer 374

Correct answer: "a. Microsystem" Alex's experience of attending a high-quality early childhood education program, receiving nurturing care, and engaging in developmentally appropriate activities is influenced by the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate settings in which an individual interacts, such as family, school, and peer groups.

Answer 375

Correct answer: "d. Macrosystem" Emily's experience of growing up in a society that promotes gender equality, provides opportunities for women's empowerment, and supports her educational and career pursuits is influenced by the macrosystem. The macrosystem encompasses cultural values, societal norms, and broader social and political ideologies.

Answer 376

Correct answer: "a. Scaffolding" The teacher providing guidance and demonstrating the proper technique for building a stable tower is an example of scaffolding in Sociocultural Theory. Scaffolding refers to the support or assistance provided by a more knowledgeable individual to help a learner accomplish a task that they would not be able to do independently.

Answer 377

Correct answer: "H. classmate, Lily, who has a better understanding of the topic," jack's interaction with lily, where she explains the steps to solve the complex math problem and jack successfully solves it with her help, illustrates the zone of proximal development. the zpd refers to the range of tasks that a learner cannot yet accomplish independently but can achieve with the guidance or support of a more knowledgeable person.

Answer 378

Correct answer: "d. Social interaction" Ethan's active listening, providing feedback, and building upon his classmates' contributions during the group project exemplify the importance of social interaction in Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and collaboration in shaping cognitive development and learning.

Answer 379

Correct answer: "b. Avoidant attachment" Emma's lack of interest or reaction and avoidance of physical contact upon the return of her primary caregiver are consistent with the behavior of a child with an avoidant attachment style. In this attachment pattern, children may appear emotionally distant or detached and minimize seeking comfort from the caregiver.

Answer 380

Correct answer: "c. Resistant attachment" Noah's ambivalent behavior, seeking comfort but also resisting contact upon the return of his primary caregiver, aligns with the behavior of a child with a resistant attachment style. In this attachment pattern, children may display clingy or inconsistent behavior, expressing a mix of approach and resistance toward the caregiver.

Answer 381

Correct answer: "d. Disorganized attachment" Ethan's display of contradictory behaviors, freezing, confusion, or stereotypical movements during the reunion with his primary caregiver, reflects the behavior of a child with a disorganized attachment style. Disorganized attachment is characterized by inconsistent or atypical behaviors and is often associated with adverse caregiving experiences.

Answer 382

Correct answer: "a. Rapprochement" Mia's active exploration of her environment while frequently checking back with her primary caregiver for reassurance and comfort aligns with the behavior observed during the Rapprochement phase described by Mahler. During this phase (around 1 to 2 years ol, children develop a balance between the need for autonomy and the need for a secure attachment figure.

Answer 383

Correct answer: "c. Identity moratorium" sarah's exploration of different religions and beliefs indicates a state of identity moratorium. in this identity status, individuals are actively exploring different options and possibilities without having made firm commitments.

Answer 384

Correct answer: "d. Identity achievement" jake's consideration of different factors and his commitment to a career in medicine align with the identity achievement status. in this identity status, individuals have actively explored options and made firm commitments based on their own values and goals.

Answer 385

Correct answer: "b. Identity foreclosure" Emma's decision to pursue a career that is expected of her, without exploring other options or considering her own interests and values, reflects the identity foreclosure status. In this identity status, individuals make commitments without engaging in exploration.

Answer 386

Correct answer: "a. Identity diffusion" Liam's uncertainty, confusion, and lack of firm commitments reflect the identity diffusion status. In this identity status, individuals have not yet explored different options or made commitments, often resulting in a state of confusion and uncertainty.

Answer 387

Correct answer: "c. Single-gene disorder" jeremy's genetic disorder affecting the production of red blood cells is likely caused by a mutation or abnormality in a single gene. single-gene disorders are caused by changes in a specific gene and can result in various health conditions.

Answer 388

Correct answer: "b. Chromosomal abnormality" emma's condition of having an extra copy of chromosome 21 is an example of a chromosomal abnormality. chromosomal abnormalities occur when there are structural changes or numerical variations in the chromosomes.

Answer 389

Correct answer: "a. Genetic and environmental factors" alzheimer's disease is primarily influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. while specific genes can contribute to the risk of developing the disease, other factors such as lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposures also play a role.

Answer 390

Correct answer: "a. Chromosome 21" Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.

Answer 391

Correct answer: "T. s condition is characterized by the absence or partial absence" turner syndrome is caused by the absence or partial absence of one of the x chromosomes in females. instead of having the usual xx chromosome pattern, individuals with turner syndrome have a single x chromosome.

Answer 392

Correct answer: "b. Embryonic period" the embryonic period, which occurs from approximately the third to the eighth week of prenatal development, is a critical time for the formation and development of major organ systems. it is during this period that the embryo is particularly vulnerable to teratogens, which are substances that can cause developmental abnormalities.

Answer 393

Correct answer: "b. Delayed physical growth" maternal exposure to harmful substances during prenatal development can have detrimental effects on various aspects of the developing fetus. it can lead to impaired cognitive development, delayed physical growth, and an increased risk of socioemotional difficulties in the child.

Answer 394

Correct answer: "b. Hearing" The sense of hearing is the most developed and functional sense during prenatal development. By the third trimester of pregnancy, the fetus can hear and respond to sounds in the environment. This early exposure to auditory stimuli can have an impact on later cognitive and language development.

Answer 395

Correct answer: "a. Genetic factors" While genetic factors play a significant role in prenatal development, environmental factors, such as the mother's nutrition, exposure to toxins, and overall health, have the greatest influence on healthy prenatal development. The prenatal environment, including the mother's lifestyle and care, can significantly impact the developing fetus.

Answer 396

Correct answer: "b. Rooting reflex" The rooting reflex is triggered when a newborn's cheek is touched, causing them to turn their head toward the stimulus in search of a nipple or a source of food. This reflex helps facilitate breastfeeding and early feeding behaviors.

Answer 397

Correct answer: "a. Moro reflex" The Moro reflex is commonly referred to as the startle reflex. It is triggered by sudden stimuli, such as a loud noise or a sensation of falling, and results in the newborn spreading their arms and then bringing them back toward the body. This reflex is thought to have served a protective function in ancestral human infants.

Answer 398

Correct answer: "c. Babinski reflex" The Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the sole of a newborn's foot. The reflex causes the toes to fan out and curl upward. This response is a normal reflex in newborns, but it typically disappears as the nervous system develops.

Answer 399

Correct answer: "d. Grasp reflex" The grasp reflex is observed when an object is placed in a newborn's palm or fingers, and they automatically close their hand around the object. This reflex is an early motor response and typically disappears after a few months.

Answer 400

Correct answer: "d. Tonic neck reflex" the tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex or asymmetric tonic neck reflex, is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side. in response, the arm and leg on the side the head is facing extend, while the opposite arm and leg flex. this reflex helps lay the foundation for later voluntary movements.

Answer 401

Correct answer: "b. Suck reflex" The suck reflex is triggered when the roof of a newborn's mouth is touched, initiating a rhythmic sucking motion. This reflex is vital for feeding and allows newborns to obtain nourishment from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.

Answer 402

Correct answer: "a. Tonic neck reflex" the tonic neck reflex, also known as the fencing reflex or asymmetric tonic neck reflex, is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side. in response, the newborn automatically rotates their body in the same direction. this reflex aids in the development of coordination and helps prepare the infant for more complex movements.

Answer 403

Correct answer: "a. Plantar reflex" The plantar reflex is observed when a newborn's foot is pressed against a surface, causing them to push against it with their toes. This reflex helps with balance and posture development.

Answer 404

Correct answer: "a. Suck reflex" The suck reflex is triggered when a newborn's lips are touched or stroked, resulting in the puckering of their lips as if preparing to suck. This reflex facilitates feeding and the intake of nourishment.

Answer 405

Correct answer: "a. Walking reflex" the walking reflex, also referred to as the stepping reflex, is observed when a newborn is held upright with their feet touching a solid surface. they will make stepping movements as if attempting to walk. although this reflex is present at birth, it typically disappears within a few weeks.

Answer 406

Correct answer: "a. Autism spectrum disorder" The lack of response to name calling and minimal interest in social interactions in a 9-month-old infant may raise concerns about autism spectrum disorder (AS. It is important to consult with healthcare professionals for a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis.

Answer 407

Correct answer: "c. Normal temperamental variations" excessive tantrums, difficulties with transitions, and intense emotional reactions are common in toddlers and often represent normal temperamental variations. toddlers are learning to regulate their emotions and assert their independence, which can manifest in emotional outbursts.

Answer 408

Correct answer: "a. Gross motor delay" the absence of rolling over or attempts to sit independently in a 6- month-old infant may indicate a gross motor delay. it is important to monitor motor development and consult a healthcare professional if there are significant delays or concerns.

Answer 409

Correct answer: "t. ing turns during playtime. This behavior is typical of:" during early childhood, children are still developing their understanding of others' perspectives and may exhibit egocentric behaviors, such as difficulty sharing and taking turns. this behavior is a typical part of their cognitive and social-emotional development.

Answer 410

Correct answer: "i. tructions, staying focused, and sitting still during structured" difficulties in following instructions, staying focused, and sitting still during structured activities in a 5-year-old may raise concerns about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adh. a comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals is needed to make an accurate diagnosis.

Answer 411

Correct answer: "i. an indication of:" engaging in imaginary play, creating elaborate storylines, and inventing characters is a normal part of early childhood development. pretend play enhances creativity, social skills, and cognitive abilities, fostering overall development.

Answer 412

Correct answer: "s. ool materials, keeping track of assignments, and completing" difficulties in organizing materials, managing assignments, and completing tasks on time in an 8-year-old may indicate learning difficulties or attention deficits. a comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals can help identify specific areas of need and provide appropriate support.

Answer 413

Correct answer: "b. Normal emotional development" experiencing negative emotions, such as sadness or irritability, and difficulties in emotion regulation are common during middle and late childhood as children navigate the complexities of emotions and social interactions. these challenges are often part of normal emotional development.

Answer 414

Correct answer: "a. Oppositional defiant disorder" Engaging in arguments and conflicts with peers, defiance toward authority figures, and refusal to follow rules in a 9-year-old may raise concerns about oppositional defiant disorder (OD. A comprehensive evaluation by healthcare professionals is needed for an accurate diagnosis.

Answer 415

Correct answer: "b. Peer pressure" A strong desire for peer acceptance and conformity, along with changing opinions or behaviors to fit in with the group, are common aspects of peer pressure during middle and late childhood. Peer influence plays a significant role in shaping social behaviors and choices during this stage.

Answer 416

Correct answer: "b. Extraversion" mccrae's five-factor model includes the following traits: openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. "honesty" is not specifically identified as one of the primary factors in this model.

Answer 417

Correct answer: "a. Openness to experience" Openness to experience refers to an individual's willingness to explore new ideas, engage in creative pursuits, and be receptive to novel experiences. John's characteristics of being imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences align with this trait.

Answer 418

Correct answer: "b. Extraversion" Extraversion refers to the degree to which an individual seeks social interactions, enjoys being around others, and is outgoing and assertive. Sarah's traits of being friendly, outgoing, and sociable align with the extraversion factor.

Answer 419

Correct answer: "c. Agreeableness" Agreeableness refers to an individual's tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and empathetic towards others. Michael's traits of being kind, considerate, and cooperative align with the agreeableness factor.

Answer 420

Correct answer: "d. Conscientiousness" Conscientiousness refers to an individual's level of organization, self-discipline, and reliability. Julia's traits of being organized, disciplined, and reliable align with the conscientiousness factor.

Answer 421

Correct answer: "d. Touch and hearing" during the sensorimotor stage, infants primarily explore their environment through the senses of touch and hearing. they use their hands and mouths to explore objects and rely on auditory cues to make sense of their surroundings.

Answer 422

Correct answer: "e. ect" in the later stages of the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the ability for symbolic representation, which allows them to use symbols or mental images to represent objects or events. they may engage in pretend play, using objects to represent other objects, people, or situations.

Answer 423

Correct answer: "b. Symbolic thought" symbolic thought, the ability to use symbols or mental representations to represent objects or events, is not fully developed in the sensorimotor stage. this ability emerges in later stages of cognitive development.

Answer 424

Correct answer: "c. Mental representation" Mental representation is not a substage of the Sensorimotor Stage. The actual substage progression includes reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and beginning of representational thought.

Answer 425

Correct answer: "d. Abstract reasoning" the sensorimotor stage, particularly the development of object permanence, lays the foundation for later cognitive concepts such as conservation, egocentrism, and abstract reasoning. it provides the building blocks for understanding the world and engaging in more complex cognitive processes.

Answer 426

Correct answer: "c. Pain cry" The pain cry is a high-pitched, intense cry that occurs suddenly and is usually accompanied by physical signs of distress. It can be triggered by discomfort, injury, or illness and may indicate the need for immediate attention and care.

Answer 427

Correct answer: "d. Whining cry" The whining cry is a rhythmic, repetitive cry with a lower intensity than other cries. It is often associated with fatigue, frustration, or mild discomfort. Infants may display this cry when they are tired, bored, or seeking attention.

Answer 428

Correct answer: "a. Basic cry" The basic cry is a combination of cries and vowel-like sounds and is the most common type of cry observed in infants. It typically indicates general needs such as hunger, fatigue, or discomfort. The basic cry can vary in intensity and can be accompanied by facial expressions and body movements.

Answer 429

Correct answer: "a. High activity level and intense reactions" easy children are known for their adaptable nature and ability to establish regular routines. they tend to have a positive mood, display low intensity of reactions, and adapt well to new experiences or changes in their environment.

Answer 430

Correct answer: "a. High activity level and intense reactions" slow-to-warm-up children are initially hesitant and cautious in new or unfamiliar situations. they may exhibit shyness, withdrawal, and a slow adaptation to new people or environments. given time and support, they gradually become more comfortable and less hesitant.

Answer 431

Correct answer: "b. Difficult children" difficult children, due to their strong-willed and challenging behavior, often present the greatest challenges for caregivers. their resistance to change and intense reactions can make it more demanding to meet their needs and manage their behaviors effectively. however, it's important to note that all temperament profiles present unique challenges, and caregivers may need to adjust their approaches to meet the needs of each child.

Answer 432

Correct answer: "c. Jean Piaget" preoperational thought is a stage of cognitive development proposed by jean piaget. it occurs approximately between the ages of 2 and 7 years old and is characterized by significant gains in language and symbolic representation.

Answer 433

Correct answer: "p. operational stage to:" symbolic function is a significant cognitive milestone in the preoperational stage. it involves the ability to use symbols, such as words, images, or gestures, to represent objects, actions, or events that are not physically present. this ability forms the basis for imaginative play, language development, and the understanding of symbolic representations in various domains.

Answer 434

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" intuitive thought is a characteristic of the preoperational stage. during this stage, which occurs roughly between ages 4 and 7, children begin to engage in more advanced thinking but still lack the ability for logical and systematic reasoning. intuitive thought refers to children's reliance on immediate perceptions and hunches rather than logical reasoning when solving problems or making judgments.

Answer 435

Correct answer: "a. Lack of symbolic representation" one of the limitations of preoperational thought is the difficulty in understanding the concept of conservation, which refers to the understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. preoperational children often focus on the most salient features and may not grasp the idea that the quantity or volume of a substance can remain the same even if it appears differently. this limitation gradually diminishes as children progress into the concrete operational stage.

Answer 436

Correct answer: "b. Preoperational stage" Animism is a concept commonly observed during the preoperational stage of cognitive development, as proposed by Jean Piaget. Preoperational children tend to attribute lifelike qualities and intentions to inanimate objects, believing that they have thoughts, feelings, and intentions similar to humans.

Answer 437

Correct answer: "e. nt" transduction is a cognitive process observed during the preoperational stage of cognitive development. it involves making connections between unrelated events or ideas based on perceived associations, without necessarily understanding logical or cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 438

Correct answer: "a. ivities" according to parten's stages of play, associative play is a stage where children play alongside others, sharing materials and showing interest in what others are doing, but without significant organization or coordination of activities. they may observe, imitate, and be influenced by others' actions, but there is no formal organization or shared goals.

Answer 439

Correct answer: "c. Cooperative play" Cooperative play is the highest level of cognitive play. It involves children engaging in organized group activities with shared goals, coordinating their actions, and working together towards a common objective. In this stage, children display advanced cognitive and social skills, such as negotiation, problem-solving, and perspective-taking.

Answer 440

Correct answer: "b. Engaging in pretend play and imaginative activities" onlooker play is a stage where children observe others play without actively participating themselves. they may watch, comment, or ask questions about the play of others but do not engage directly in the play activity. it provides an opportunity for children to learn from observing and gain insight into different play behaviors and social interactions.

Answer 441

Correct answer: "b. Egoistic suicide" Egoistic suicide occurs when individuals experience a lack of social integration and connection to others. They may feel isolated, detached, or disconnected from social groups, resulting in higher suicide rates.

Answer 442

Correct answer: "a. High levels of social integration and collective identity" altruistic suicide occurs when individuals have a high level of social integration and a strong collective identity. they may be willing to sacrifice their lives for the greater good or the expectations of their social group.

Answer 443

Correct answer: "c. Anomic suicide" Anomic suicide occurs in situations where there is a breakdown of social norms, such as during times of social or economic upheaval. Individuals may feel a sense of normlessness, uncertainty, and a lack of moral regulation, which can contribute to higher suicide rates.

Answer 444

Correct answer: "a. Altruistic suicide" In this scenario, the woman's suicide is motivated by her strong adherence to societal expectations and her willingness to sacrifice her life for the sake of conformity and meeting social obligations. Altruistic suicide occurs in societies where there is a high degree of social integration and collective identity.

Answer 445

Correct answer: "c. Anomic suicide" In this scenario, the economic collapse and social unrest have disrupted the social order and undermined social norms and regulations. As a result, individuals may experience a sense of normlessness, uncertainty, and a lack of moral regulation, leading to higher suicide rates. Anomic suicide occurs during times of social or economic upheaval.

Answer 446

Correct answer: "c. Monosomy X" Monosomy X is also called Turner Syndrome, it is a syndrome wherein females have a missing X

Answer 447

Correct answer: "c. Patau's Syndrome" jacob's syndrome is also called as xyy syndrome.

Answer 448

Correct answer: "b. Patau's Syndrome" Patau's Syndrome is also called as Trisomy 13.

Answer 449

Correct answer: "•. " nbw - at least 7 pounds ; 5 ounces lbw - less than 5 pounds ; 8 ounces vlb - less than 3 pounds ; 4 ounces elb - less than 2 pounds

Answer 450

Correct answer: "a. Spontaneous Abortion" Spontaneous Abortion - Less than 20 weeks Stillbirth - After 20 weeks (approx. 5 months) SIDS - Crib death

Answer 451

Correct answer: "b. Situational Compliance" Situational Compliance - Extra assistance provided by their parents reminder and prompts to complete the task Committed Compliance - They were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention Riding-in-tandem Compliance - is gawa-gawa lang sowi huhu

Answer 452

Correct answer: "a. Gender Constancy" Gender Identity - Awareness of one's own gender and that of others Gender Constancy - The realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut Gender Schema Theory - It views children as actively extracting knowledge about gender from their environment before engaging in gender-typed behavior 190. Frequently nominated both bestie and most disliked • Controversial Children • Rejected Children • Popular Children • Neglected Children Feedback Average Children - Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations Neglected Children - Infrequently nominated as bestie but not really disliked Rejected Children - Disliked by peers Controversial Children - Frequently nominated both as bestie and most disliked Popular Children - Frequently nominated as bestie and rarely disliked by peers

Answer 453

Correct answer: "•. " assimilation - interpretation of new information via existing cognitive structure accommodation - involves changing cognitive structures to more closely align with what is encountered identity assimilation - involves holding onto a consistent sense of self in the face of new experiences that do not fit the current understanding of the self

Answer 454

Correct answer: "a. Identity Accommodation" Assimilation - Interpretation of new information via existing cognitive structure Accommodation - Involves changing cognitive structures to more closely align with what is encountered Identity Accommodation - Involves adjusting the identity schema to fit new experiences

Answer 455

Correct answer: "a. Generativity Scripts" Generativity Scripts – feature redemption and associated with psychological well-being Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon – returning to parent’s home, sometimes with their own families

Answer 456

Correct answer: "b. Narrative Psychology" Narrative Psychology - Views the development of self as a continuous process of constructing one's life story Empty Nest – occurs when the youngest child leaves home Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon – returning to parent’s home, sometimes with their own families

Answer 457

Correct answer: "a. Filial Crisis" Filial Crisis - Adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy in a two-way relationship Respite Care - Giving caregivers some time off Kinship Care - Grandparents that provides care but don’t become foster parents or gain custody, have no legal status and few rights

Answer 458

Correct answer: "b. Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline" Hospice Care – personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline – specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death Near-Death Experience – often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters

Answer 459

Correct answer: "a. Evolutionary Theory" Endocrine Theory - Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging Immunological Theory - Programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death Evolutionary Theory - Aging is an evolved trait thus genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher rates than genes that extend lives

Answer 460

Correct answer: "a. Death Seekers" Death Seekers – clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide Death Ignorers – do not believe that their self- inflicted death will mean the end of their existence Death Darers – experience mixed feelings, or ambivalence, about their intent to die, even at the moment of their attempt, and they show this ambivalence in the act itself

Answer 461

Correct answer: "a. Life-Span Development" Life-Span Development – Concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically Life-Span Perspective – Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss Growth Development - Uhmm... :> DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY RANDOM DRILLS BY MCGRAW- HILL GLOBAL EDUCATION HOLDINGS, LLC

Developmental Psych Flashcards

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