developmental psych. l and ll

Question 1

what are some issues within dev. psych?

Answer 1

nature vs. nurture, change in stability, continuity vs. stages

Question 2

how long is pregnancy and how long are the three trimesters?

Answer 2

around 9 months
the trimesters are all about 3 months

Question 3

what is the germinal stage?

Answer 3

the first stage, when the zygote is just forming and implanting into uterine wall, clump of cells

Question 4

what is the embryo stage?

Answer 4

cells begin forming, neural tube forms

Question 5

what is cephalocaudal and proximodistal?

Answer 5

head to tail, near to far

Question 6

what is the fetal stage?

Answer 6

in the second trimester: movement, nervous system and brain dev.
in the third trimester: neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems

Question 7

what/when is the age of viability

Answer 7

22 weeks, the age where a baby can survive with extreme medical intervention

Question 8

why does sound adaptation happen in fetuses?

Answer 8

sounds heard in the womb become habitual, therefore do not bother the fetus when born
ex: vacuuming noises

Question 9

what are the three env. influences on a fetus?

Answer 9

maternal malnutrition, infections, teratogens

Question 10

what are teratogens and what are some ways they reach the fetus?

Answer 10

toxins introduced by the carrier, can come from drugs/alcohol/tobacco/chemicals, viruses/bacteria, and health conditions

Question 11

what are some innate skills a baby is born with?

Answer 11

breathing, crying, reflexes, looking for food

Question 12

what are the three sets of reflexes that help survival in babies?

Answer 12

oxygen, maintaining body temp. manage feeding

Question 13

what are some other reflexes? (3)

Answer 13

babinski, moro, palmar grasping reflex

Question 14

what are the 4 different ways to examine maturation?

Answer 14

brain, motor skills, cognitive, social and emotional

Question 15

what is maturation?

Answer 15

growth and development that is predictable and sequential in changes in behaviour
nurture adjusts the timing, nature sets the sequence

Question 16

explain what happens to neuron connections through womb to early childhood

Answer 16

womb - rapid rate of neuron creation
birth - connections between neurons increase
infancy - neural connections grow in less complex parts of brain (body functions)
early childhood - neural connections increase in more complex parts of brain (thinking, memory)

Question 17

what is motor development, and some examples?

Answer 17

predictable stages in body maturation
ex: sitting, crawling, beginning to walk, walking independently

Question 18

what are the motor skills in order (6)

Answer 18

grasping - reaching - purposeful grasping - reach and grasp - controlled reach and grasp - pincer grasp

Question 19

what are some examples of cognition (mental activities)?

Answer 19

problem-solving, storing/retrieving knowledge, understanding/using language

Question 20

how do we measure cognition in infants?

Answer 20

looking, head turns, sucking

Question 21

what is habituation?

Answer 21

something new = more time looking
something not new = less time looking

Question 22

what does piaget think about nature vs nurture and continuity vs stages?

Answer 22

thinks its both nature and nurture, but only stages

Question 23

define schemas in your own words

Answer 23

mental framework to organize our experiences

Question 24

what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation

Answer 24

assimilation - adding new experiences into existing schemas
accommodation - adjusting schema to better fit expectations

Question 25

what is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 25

using senses and motor to investigate world, learning is without reflection object permanence is in this stage

Question 26

what is the preoperational stage?

Answer 26

thinking symbolically, imagination begins, ego-centric

Question 27

what is the theory of mind?

Answer 27

the ability to understand that everyone has their own thoughts/perspectives

Question 28

what is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 28

using logic/scientific framework to understand the world

Question 29

what is conservation?

Answer 29

ability to understand that a quantity does not change even when it turns to another shape (think of the playdough experiment from christina)

Question 30

what is the formal operational stage?

Answer 30

abstract thinking, reasoning, more complex ethical thinking

Question 31

does piaget's theory still stand?

Answer 31

yes, but not really. dev. is continuous and children show capabilities at different stages than he thought, and social context is important

Question 32

what is vygotsky's theory on social learning? thin of scaffold)

Answer 32

children learn skills by observing language from others and develop inner speech ex: children talk to themselves while learning

Question 33

what is attachment?

Answer 33

physical and emotional closeness to another person, specifically a caregiver for children

Question 34

what is the stages of strange situation test?

Answer 34

test the attachment of the child, consists of a mother, baby, and experimenter mother with baby, stranger joins, mother leaves baby and stranger alone, etc.

Question 35

what are the four attachment types?

Answer 35

secure, insecure/ambivalent, insecure/avoidant, disorganized/disoriented

Question 36

what is a secure attachment?

Answer 36

a positive and trusting relationship between child and caregiver, child feels comfortable exploring when caregiver is near

Question 37

what is the insecure/ambivalent attachment?

Answer 37

child is clingy near caregiver and doesn't want to explore, very upset and inconsolable when caregiver leaves and returns

Question 38

what is the insecure/avoidant attachment?

Answer 38

indifference to their caregiver, not really upset when caregiver leaves and can be comforted by anyone

Question 39

what is the disorganized//disoriented attachment?

Answer 39

confused behaviours, wants caregiver but is also afraid, 'freezing'

Question 40

what predicts attachment styles?

Answer 40

innate - temperament learned - parenting behaviour ainsworth talks about good parenting behaviour

Question 41

why is attachment important?

Answer 41

helps development in resilience and well-being helps perspective on later relationships, motivation towards risks, trust

Question 42

what happens if attachment is absent for a long time? (4 examples)

Answer 42

difficulty forming attachments increased anxiety and depression lowered intelligence increased aggression

Question 43

what is the lifespan perspective?

Answer 43

that development is a lifelong process

Question 44

what is puberty?

Answer 44

a time of sexual maturation, increased sex hormones, height changes, changes in mood/behaviour,

Question 45

what stage in piagets theory are adolescents in?

Answer 45

formal operational stage

Question 46

what is kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning?

Answer 46

preconventional conventional postconventional

Question 47

what is chief challenge for in relation to social development?

Answer 47

for adolescents to form an identity

Question 48

why is it important to test and integrate "selves" during adolescence, according to erikson

Answer 48

to avoid role confusion

Question 49

what becomes the biggest influences on identity for adolescents?

Answer 49

peer relationships

Question 50

when does physical development peak in life?

Answer 50

mid-20s

Question 51

what are some factors that influence why we dont live forever?

Answer 51

wear and tear programmed aging models nurture/environment genes cells cannot replicate at a certain age

Question 52

what parts of cognition do not decline with age?

Answer 52

ability to recognize information, ability to use previous knowledge

Question 53

is the midlife crisis real?

Answer 53

yes, due to a "social clock" rather than a function of age