developmental psychology Flashcards
(34 cards)
what are some gender theories?
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Biological Basis
- Cognitive developmental theory
- Gender schema theory
- Social cognitive theory
what is the purpose of psychoanalytic theory? in gender development?
Freud - that gender development takes place during phallic stage where children understand different anatomical sex differences - unconscious desires
what is the purpose of biological basis theory? in gender development
believes that biological attributes such as genes and hormones are what determine the sexuality of individuals
what is the purpose of cognitive developmental theory? in gender development?
Kohlberg - person’s sex is a permanent attribute that is tied to underlying biological properties - e.g. genitals and genetics constitution & not surface characteristics.
what is the purpose of the gender schema theories? in gender development
similar to cognitive developmental theory
- reenacts gender identity
what is the purpose of the social cognitive theory? in gender development?
gender development is influenced by social influences parents, peers and media that affect personal factors
what is the purpose of gender theories?
the purpose of it is to determine where gender stereotypes, gender development is rooted?
what are some issues in gender stereotypes in childhood?
- children preferring gender stereotypical activities and same-sex play
- gender segregation
what are the goals of moral development?
teaching children:
- societal prohibitations
- internalisation and self punishment within children rather than external punishment
- practicing empathy and prosocialness
what is moral conduct?
children learning what they should and shouldn’t do
what is Piaget’s theory of morality (1932)
- children before the age of 8, make judgement on the basis of consequences of the actions rather than intention
- children aged 8+= make judgement on basis of intentions
what are the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
- Preconventional morality
- Conventional morality
- Postconventional morality
what is the first stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?
The Preconventional morality stage
- children focuse on satisfying their own needs: avoiding punishment and obtaining personal rewards
what is the second stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?
The Conventional morality stage:
- children focusing on social approval - what people will say - much more externally motivated
What is the 3rd stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?
The Postconventional morality stage:
- focus on abstract ideals: abstract ethical principles that determine one’s own moral code –> internal development
what is self-sanctioning and how does that affect moral development?
self-sanctioning is part of moral disengagement wherere there is mismatch between adopting moral standards and not behaving in accord
- selective activation of internal controol
- justifying moral disengagement e.g. bullying “they deserved it, it didn’t hurt that much”
what are the experiments performed in relation to the social cognition of the child & what did each one find?
- the rouge experiment
- found that children develop sense of awareness at 18 months - the theory of mind (the broccoli experiment)
- appreciation that other people may think differently, and that what they think will guide their behaviour - the sally anne task
- measures a person’s social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs onto others
what is the main role of parental roles in teaching social interactions
- parents who explain and discuss social situations - developing brain maturation through age, language development and pretend play
+ as well as the presence of older siblings.
wat is the attachment theory? and how does parenting influence development?
attachment is necessary in developing and part of survival!
who are the first attachment theorists? and what did they find through their experiments?
Ainsworth & Bowlby
- looked at anxiety and distress that children experienced when separated from caregivers
- experiment: to activate attachment system
found that:
* children have an attachment style that soughts to regain proximity and physical contact with the caregiver & once achieved the attachment system turns off.
what are the advantages of secure attachment
- better relationship with peers
- more leadership
- better emotion regulation
limitations of attachment theory
- attachment is considered a relationship construct
- children;s life circumstances can vary when particular care giving environment changes
3 attributes of sensitive parents:
1) notice and receive infants signal cues s they take note of what’s going on with the chiild
2) notice cues and interpret accuratel
what are Baumrind’s different parenting styles?
ADPN
A-authoritative
D-democrative
P-permissive
N- negligent
