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PSYU1102 > developmental psychology > Flashcards

developmental psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some gender theories?

A
  1. Psychoanalytic theory
  2. Biological Basis
  3. Cognitive developmental theory
  4. Gender schema theory
  5. Social cognitive theory
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2
Q

what is the purpose of psychoanalytic theory? in gender development?

A

Freud - that gender development takes place during phallic stage where children understand different anatomical sex differences - unconscious desires

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3
Q

what is the purpose of biological basis theory? in gender development

A

believes that biological attributes such as genes and hormones are what determine the sexuality of individuals

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4
Q

what is the purpose of cognitive developmental theory? in gender development?

A

Kohlberg - person’s sex is a permanent attribute that is tied to underlying biological properties - e.g. genitals and genetics constitution & not surface characteristics.

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the gender schema theories? in gender development

A

similar to cognitive developmental theory
- reenacts gender identity

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the social cognitive theory? in gender development?

A

gender development is influenced by social influences parents, peers and media that affect personal factors

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7
Q

what is the purpose of gender theories?

A

the purpose of it is to determine where gender stereotypes, gender development is rooted?

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8
Q

what are some issues in gender stereotypes in childhood?

A
  • children preferring gender stereotypical activities and same-sex play
  • gender segregation
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9
Q

what are the goals of moral development?

A

teaching children:
- societal prohibitations
- internalisation and self punishment within children rather than external punishment
- practicing empathy and prosocialness

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10
Q

what is moral conduct?

A

children learning what they should and shouldn’t do

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11
Q

what is Piaget’s theory of morality (1932)

A
  • children before the age of 8, make judgement on the basis of consequences of the actions rather than intention
  • children aged 8+= make judgement on basis of intentions
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12
Q

what are the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A
  1. Preconventional morality
  2. Conventional morality
  3. Postconventional morality
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13
Q

what is the first stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?

A

The Preconventional morality stage
- children focuse on satisfying their own needs: avoiding punishment and obtaining personal rewards

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14
Q

what is the second stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?

A

The Conventional morality stage:
- children focusing on social approval - what people will say - much more externally motivated

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15
Q

What is the 3rd stage of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory in development?

A

The Postconventional morality stage:
- focus on abstract ideals: abstract ethical principles that determine one’s own moral code –> internal development

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16
Q

what is self-sanctioning and how does that affect moral development?

A

self-sanctioning is part of moral disengagement wherere there is mismatch between adopting moral standards and not behaving in accord
- selective activation of internal controol
- justifying moral disengagement e.g. bullying “they deserved it, it didn’t hurt that much”

17
Q

what are the experiments performed in relation to the social cognition of the child & what did each one find?

A
  1. the rouge experiment
    - found that children develop sense of awareness at 18 months
  2. the theory of mind (the broccoli experiment)
    - appreciation that other people may think differently, and that what they think will guide their behaviour
  3. the sally anne task
    - measures a person’s social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs onto others
18
Q

what is the main role of parental roles in teaching social interactions

A
  • parents who explain and discuss social situations - developing brain maturation through age, language development and pretend play
    + as well as the presence of older siblings.
19
Q

wat is the attachment theory? and how does parenting influence development?

A

attachment is necessary in developing and part of survival!

20
Q

who are the first attachment theorists? and what did they find through their experiments?

A

Ainsworth & Bowlby
- looked at anxiety and distress that children experienced when separated from caregivers
- experiment: to activate attachment system

found that:
* children have an attachment style that soughts to regain proximity and physical contact with the caregiver & once achieved the attachment system turns off.

21
Q

what are the advantages of secure attachment

A
  • better relationship with peers
  • more leadership
  • better emotion regulation
22
Q

limitations of attachment theory

A
  • attachment is considered a relationship construct
  • children;s life circumstances can vary when particular care giving environment changes
23
Q

3 attributes of sensitive parents:

A

1) notice and receive infants signal cues s they take note of what’s going on with the chiild
2) notice cues and interpret accuratel

24
Q

what are Baumrind’s different parenting styles?

A

ADPN
A-authoritative
D-democrative
P-permissive
N- negligent

25
Q

what are conflicting perpectives of Baumrind’s parenting styles?

A
  • there are different cultural considerations and limitations
  • overly mother-child focused
  • heterosexual normative parenting
  • gender normative
26
Q

reasons to support change of parenting styles:

A
  • sociocultural change - women working more
  • children attending childcare - cared for by grandparents
  • other adult-child relationships (Teachers, mentors)
  • different attachment styles
  • new cognitive capacities
27
Q

what is Erikson’s developmental tasks & especially for adolescence

A

Erikson’s developmental task theory for each task for each stage of development

& especially at adolescence –> there is identity & role confusion where they go through fidelity & sense of belonging

28
Q

what are the key changes in adolescence?

A
  1. Biologicall
    - hormonal changes
    - puberty - seexual characteristics
    - menstruation & sperm development
    - genetic contribution + environmental
  2. Psychological
    - identity - questioning
    - cognitive - thiink more abstract, engage in hypothesising making equip for challenges
  3. social
    - peers
    - romantic relationships
29
Q

what is the key developmental task for adolescence?

A

Identity vs Role Confusion
* Erikson coined the phrase “Identity crisis” to describe the confusion adolescents may feel about their sense of self and who they want to be
* “Who am I?, What do I believe? What are my goals?
Differentiation from parents/ peer relations

30
Q

what are the key developmental task for adulthood and ageing?

A

generativity & stagnation - care
integrity & despair

  • there are major adult transition views
  • focuses on understanding and desribing development in terms of milestones
  • focuses on social norms - how milestones fit in with social norms
31
Q

what are normative life events?

A

they fit in with typicality & timing of major life events
- there are on tim and off time

+ mainly based on social norms + social clock

On time :
- events that occur at a typical expected point in lifespan

off time:
* events nontypial or uneexpected
- e.g. early widowhood
- redudancy vs planned retirement
- age at first birth
serious accident, injury

32
Q

how has changes in perception & demographics changed for old age?

A
  • meaning of old age has changed
  • changes to life expectancy
  • people are living longer than ever
33
Q

what is ageism, example of ageism & the consequences of ageism?

A

The systematic stereotyping & discrimination against old people
- institutional level & individual

Consequences:
- stereotypes & myths
- outright disdain & dislike
- avoidance of contact - segregation in discriminatory practices in housing, employment

34
Q

what are the main changing concpts of old age?

A

Losses & gains

losses
- biological - hearing, functioning etc

gains:
- hardiness, resiliency, financial security, selective optimisation.

PSYU1102 (6 decks)

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