Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Bandura ✔, Chaney ✔, Kohlberg, Lee (45 cards)
What is the Developmental Area in psychology?
The developmental area in psychology assumes that behaviour changes over our lifetime, focussing on cognitive processes- how our thinking changes as we get older; social processes such as gender development and personal development such as the emotional self. These changes may be the result of inherited factors, including events that occur as a result of maturation or lifetime experiences which includes interactions with other people.
What is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that as we interact with our environment, we change the environment while simultaneously it changes us.
What was the aim of Bandura’s study?
To demonstrate that learning can occur through simple observation of a model and that imitated behaviour can be observed in the absence of that model.
What is a model in Bandura’s study?
Person/s who perform specific behaviours as directed by the experimenter, which may or may not be imitated by participants in the study.
What is vicarious learning?
Learning through vicarious reinforcement, is our tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviours for which others are being rewarded.
What is operant conditioning?
Any action that produces pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated. Any action that produces unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
What research design did Bandura use?
Laboratory experiment with matched participants design and observational techniques.
What were participants matched for in Bandura’s study?
Aggressiveness
What sampling method did Bandura use?
Opportunity sampling, from Stanford University
What was a strength of Bandura’s study?
Participants were all children so he could easily show how easily youngsters imitate adult models.
What was a weakness of Bandura’s sample?
Children are more impressionable so its hard to generalise to the rest of the population.
What materials were used in Bandura’s study?
3ft Bobo doll
Aggressive toys e.g. mallet, dart gun
Non-aggressive toys e.g. tea set, toy cars, dolls
How many participants took part in Bandura’s study?
72 children
36 boys & 36 girls
What was the mean age of the participants in Bandura’s study?
52 months/ 4.5 years old
How many conditions were there in Bandura’s study?
3 conditions: aggressive, non-aggressive and a control condition
What gender model had a greater influence over participants in Bandura’s study?
Male model
Which gender of the children imitated more aggressive behaviour?
Boys imitated more physical aggression but there was no significant difference in terms of verbal aggression.
When did the imitative behaviour occur in Bandura’s study?
In the absence of the model.
What are some ethical issues in Bandura’s study?
Informed consent, participants were children
Confidentiality, participants were filmed and these videos are available on YouTube
What was a problem of using a bobo doll for Bandura’s study?
The Bobo doll ‘invited’ children to play aggressively as how else would children play with the doll.
Where does Bandura fall on the nature/nurture debate?
Nurture, children’s behaviour was caused by the situation
Where does Bandura fall on the situational/dispositional debate?
Situational, children’s behaviour was caused by the situation
Where does Bandura fall on the free will/determinism debate?
Deterministic, children’s behaviour is shaped by models not free will.
Is Bandura’s study useful?
Is useful, can be applied to reducing aggressiveness in children.
