Social Psychology

Question 1

What is the definition of the Social Area in Psychology?

Answer 1

The social area assumes that behaviour is determined by the situation and the real, imagined or implied presence of others. Our relationships with others influence our behaviour and thought processes.

Question 2

What is self-perception?

Answer 2

Behaviour is influenced by our beliefs about how others perceive us.

Question 3

What is social perception?

Answer 3

To explain the cause of behaviour as either having an individual or situational explanation

Question 4

What is social interaction?

Answer 4

The context a behaviour occurs in.

Question 5

What is social influence?

Answer 5

The impact a person can have on another.

Question 6

What are some of the strengths in the social area?

Answer 6

Experimental realism, ecological validity and the research having practical applications making it useful.

Question 7

What are some of the weaknesses of the social area?

Answer 7

Reductionist approach to explaining behaviour, deterministic approach, experimental approach can create demand characteristics and raises ethical issues.

Question 8

What event occurred for Milgram to study obedience?

Answer 8

The Holocaust and trials of the Nazis.

Question 9

What was the aim of Milgram’s study?

Answer 9

To investigate the process of obedience; to demonstrate the power of an legitimate authority figure, even when a command requires destructive behaviour.

Question 10

What research design did Milgram use?

Answer 10

Controlled observation in a laboratory setting (not an experiment) using self report.

Question 11

What university did Milgram’s study take place in?

Answer 11

University of Yale

Question 12

What sampling method did Milgram use?

Answer 12

Self-selected sample, sourced through a mailshot and advert in local newspaper.

Question 13

How many participants were used in Milgram’s study?

Answer 13

40 participants picked from 500 applicants.

Question 14

What was the age range of Milgram’s sample?

Answer 14

20-50 years old.

Question 15

What is a positive of Milgram’s sample?

Answer 15

All the participants came from a wide range of occupational and educational backgrounds, so able to generalise to target population.

Question 16

What is a negative of Milgram’s sample?

Answer 16

No gender diversity.
Ethnocentric, America has an individualist culture.

Question 17

How much were Milgram’s participants paid?

Answer 17

$4.00, plus $0.50 for car fare.

Question 18

What materials were used In Milgram’s study?

Answer 18

A shock generator with 30 switches, ranging from 15V to 450V, in increments of 15V.

Question 19

How many participants would go all the way to 450V according to 14 psychology students Milgram asked?

Answer 19

3% of 100 participants.

Question 20

How many participants went to 300V in Milgram’s study?

Answer 20

100% or 40 participants.

Question 21

How many participants went to 450V (were fully obedient), in Milgram’s study?

Answer 21

65% or 26 participants.

Question 22

What qualitative findings were there in Milgram’s study?

Answer 22

Many participants showed nervousness and a large number showed extreme tension.

Question 23

How many participants had “full-blown, uncontrollable seizures” in Milgram’s study?

Answer 23

3 participants.

Question 24

What ethical issues were there in Milgram’s study?

Answer 24

Deception, participants thought the shocks were real.
Psychological harm.
Right to withdraw, participants were paid.

Question 25

Where does Milgram fall on the nature/nurture debate?

Answer 25

Nurture, manipulation of the environment.

Question 26

Where does Milgram fall on the situational/dispositional debate?

Answer 26

Situational, prestigious University and an authority figure.

Question 27

Where does Milgram fall on the free will/determinism debate?

Answer 27

Determinism, environmentally determined.

Question 28

Is Milgram's study scientific?

Answer 28

Is scientific, lab setting, high control of extraneous variables and has a high reliability/ repeatability.

Question 29

Is Milgram's study useful?

Answer 29

Is useful, changed understanding of obedience and helped changes in authority structure.

Question 30

What type of data did Milgram collect?

Answer 30

Quantitative and qualitative data.

Question 31

What were participants told was the aim of Milgram's study?

Answer 31

To see how punishment affected learning.

Question 32

What is a whistle-blower?

Answer 32

A person who reports wrongdoings to a higher authority.

Question 33

What were Bocchiaro's predications for his study?

Answer 33

People will be more obedient than Milgram as they will not be physically hurting someone. People are less likely to whistle-blow than obey. People overestimate tendency to whistle-blow/ disobey. Personality characteristics have no effect.

Question 34

What was the aim of Bocchiaro's study?

Answer 34

To investigate how people deal with an unethical and unjust request.

Question 35

What research design did Bocchiaro use?

Answer 35

Controlled observation, in a laboratory setting.

Question 36

What university did Bocchiaro's study take place in?

Answer 36

VU University of Amsterdam.

Question 37

What sampling method did Bocchiaro use?

Answer 37

Self-selected sample, sourced from a poster in the University cafeteria.

Question 38

How many participants did Bocchiaro use?

Answer 38

149 undergraduate students, 96 women and 53 men.

Question 39

How many participants were used in Bocchiaro's pilot test?

Answer 39

92 students.

Question 40

How many participants were in Bocchiaro's 'comparison' group?

Answer 40

138 students.

Question 41

How much were Bocchiaro's participants paid?

Answer 41

€7 or a course credit.

Question 42

What is a positive of Bocchiaro's sample?

Answer 42

No gender bias.

Question 43

What was the mean age of Bocchiaro's sample?

Answer 43

20.8 years.

Question 44

What is a negative of Bocchiaro's sample?

Answer 44

All young adults, a unique characteristic as students have fewer responsibilities than adults. Students are more proactive in protesting.

Question 45

What materials were used in Bocchiaro's study?

Answer 45

An ethics committee form. Two personality tests: HEXACO-PI-R and Decomposed Measures Game test.

Question 46

What percentage of participants would obey according to the 'comparison' students? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 46

18.8%

Question 47

What percentage of participants would disobey according to the 'comparison' students? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 47

43.9%

Question 48

What percentage of participants would blow the whistle according to the 'comparison' students? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 48

37.3%

Question 49

What percentage of 'comparison' students said they would obey? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 49

3.6%

Question 50

What percentage of 'comparison' students said they would disobey? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 50

31.9%

Question 51

What percentage of 'comparison' students said they would blow the whistle? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 51

64.5%

Question 52

How many of the 'real' participants obeyed? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 52

76.5%

Question 53

How many of the 'real' participants disobeyed? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 53

14.1%

Question 54

How many of the 'real' participants blew the whistle? | *Bocchiaro*

Answer 54

9.4%

Question 55

What results did Bocchiaro find that linked to personality?

Answer 55

There was no significant differences between the personality tests, although participants with more faith tended to be whistle blowers.

Question 56

What ethical issues did Bocchiaro run into?

Answer 56

Deception

Question 57

Where does Bocchiaro fall on the situational/individual debate?

Answer 57

Situational, authority figure and no evidence of personality differences.

Question 58

Where does Bocchiaro fall on the nature/nurture debate?

Answer 58

Nurture, social context and social influence.

Question 59

Is Bocchiaro's study useful?

Answer 59

Is useful, changed our knowledge of how, when and why people can't blow the whistle.

Question 60

Is Bocchiaro's study scientific?

Answer 60

Is scientific, done in a laboratory setting, high levels of control and high reliability/ repeatability.

Question 61

What type of data did Bocchiaro collect?

Answer 61

Quantitative data

Question 62

What is bystander behaviour?

Answer 62

What people do when watching an emergency situation.

Question 63

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 63

Where in a large group of people, individuals feel less responsible.

Question 64

What was the aim of Piliavin's study?

Answer 64

To investigate the effect of certain variables on individuals' speed and willingness to help.

Question 65

What research design did Piliavin use?

Answer 65

Field experiment with independent measures design and observational techniques.

Question 66

What were the independent variables in Piliavin's study?

Answer 66

Drunk or cane Race Presence of model Group size

Question 67

What sampling method did Piliavin use?

Answer 67

Opportunity sample

Question 68

Where did Piliavin's study take place?

Answer 68

New York Subway.

Question 69

What gender were the models in Piliavin's study?

Answer 69

Male

Question 70

What were the mean number of people in the carriage in Piliavin's study?

Answer 70

43

Question 71

Which condition got helped the most (drunk or cane)? ## Footnote Piliavin

Answer 71

Cane at 95% compared to drunk 50%

Question 72

What percentage of first helpers were male? ## Footnote Piliavin

Answer 72

90%

Question 73

Which victim recieved more help, the white or black victim? ## Footnote Piliavin

Answer 73

White, but a 'same-race effect' was observed in the drunk condition.

Question 74

What ethical issues did Piliavin run into?

Answer 74

No informed consent given. Risk of psychological harm, distressing situation. No right to withdraw

Question 75

Where does Piliavin fall on the nature/nurture debate?

Answer 75

Nurture, situational factors influenced participants

Question 76

Where does Piliavin fall on the situational/individual debate?

Answer 76

Situational, arousal for cost-reward model is influenced by the situation.

Question 77

Where does Piliavin's study fall on the free will/determinism debate?

Answer 77

Both, can choose whether to help or not but the situation has a strong influence

Question 78

Is Piliavin's study scientific?

Answer 78

Is scientific, many controls utilised but field setting means less control over extraneous variables

Question 79

Is Piliavin's study useful?

Answer 79

Yes, helped formulate the cost-reward model in emergency situations. However was only carried out in one city making it ethnocentric.

Question 80

What was the aim of Levine's study?

Answer 80

To investigate how the 'personality' of a city might be related to helping behaviour in non-emergency situations.

Question 81

What sample method did Levine use?

Answer 81

Opportunity sample

Question 82

What research design did Levine use?

Answer 82

Quasi-experiment with independent measure design. Also, an example of cross-cultural research

Question 83

How many countries did Levine use in his study?

Answer 83

23 countries with roughly 50 participants in each country.

Question 84

Is Levine's study a correlational study?

Answer 84

Yes, uses co-variables

Question 85

Name the four co-variables in Levine's study.

Answer 85

Population size Economic indicator Cultural values Pace of life

Question 86

What country was the most helpful? ## Footnote Levine

Answer 86

Brazil (z-score of 1.66)

Question 87

What country was the least helpful? ## Footnote Levine

Answer 87

Malaysia (z-score of -2.04)

Question 88

What is the z-score? ## Footnote Levine

Answer 88

A standardised helping score give to each country.

Question 89

What correlation was found between economic productivity and overall helping? ## Footnote Levine

Answer 89

Negative correlation

Question 90

What correlation was found between walking speed and overall helping? ## Footnote Levine

Answer 90

Small positive correlation

Question 91

Where does Levine's study fall on the nature/nurture debate?

Answer 91

Nurture, impacted by the country participants grew up in.

Question 92

Where does Levine's study fall on the free will/determinism debate?

Answer 92

Both, can choose to help or not but its also determined by the country participants grew up in

Question 93

Where does Levine's study fall on the situational/individual debate?

Answer 93

Situational, the countries participants grew up in impacted their probability to help

Question 94

What ethical issues did Levine run into?

Answer 94

No informed consent given and small possibility of psychological harm.

Question 95

Is Levine's study scientific?

Answer 95

Is scientific

Question 96

Is Levine's study useful?

Answer 96

Is useful, shows how altruism changes across countries and cultures