developmental psychology

Question 1

What develops at 3-4 weeks in the brain?

Answer 1

A long tube which is divided by the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

Question 2

At 5 weeks, what splits in the brain?

Answer 2

Forebrain and hindbrain

Question 3

When does the cerebellum develop?

Answer 3

6 weeks

Question 4

When does the medulla oblongata develop?

Answer 4

20 weeks

Question 5

What does the cerebellum control?

Answer 5

Motor movements

Question 6

What does the medulla oblongata control?

Answer 6

Involuntary responses

Question 7

What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 7

0-2 years

Question 8

What are key features of the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 8

• learn by the 5 senses
• develop object permeance at 6 months

Question 9

What is the age range for the pre operational stage, as well as the two stages within?

Answer 9

2-4 = symbolic function stage
4-7 = intuitive thought stage

Question 10

What are key features of the symbolic function stage?

Answer 10

• start imitating others and using objects as symptoms
• egocentric
• animism

Question 11

What are key features of the symbolic function stage?

Answer 11

• start imitating others and using objects as symptoms
• egocentric
• animism

Question 12

What is object permeance?

Answer 12

Knowing something is there without seeing it

Question 13

What is egocentrism?

Answer 13

Not being able to see from others viewpoints

Question 14

What is animism?

Answer 14

Giving life-like qualities to inanimate objects

Question 15

Wha5 are key features of the intuitive thought stage?

Answer 15

• children ask a lot of questions
• centration
• irreversibility

Question 16

What age range is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 16

7-12

Question 17

What are key features in the concrete-operational stage?

Answer 17

• decentric
• conservation
• reversibility
• seriation

Question 18

What is the age range for the formal operational stage?

Answer 18

12+

Question 19

What are key features of the formal operational stage?

Answer 19

• complex thinking
• logic and reasoning

Question 20

What is a schema?

Answer 20

Mental representation of your environment

Question 21

What is adaptation?

Answer 21

Using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world

Question 22

What is assimilation?

Answer 22

Incorporating new ideas into a schema

Question 23

What is accommodation?

Answer 23

When a schema is changed to deal with new experiences

Question 24

What is equilibrium?

Answer 24

When a schema works

Question 25

What are strengths of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 25

- it has practical applications as it can be used for teaching

Question 26

What is a weakness of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 26

- did not look at social interactions - lacked validity

Question 27

What is a fixed mindset?

Answer 27

Believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable

Question 28

What is a growth mindset?

Answer 28

Believing practice and effort can improve your abilities

Question 29

What is effort?

Answer 29

Trying to do better using determination

Question 30

What is ability?

Answer 30

What someone can do

Question 31

Praising effort leads to what?

Answer 31

Growth mindset

Question 32

Praising ability leads to what?

Answer 32

Fixed mindset

Question 33

What are strengths of Dweck’s mindset theory?

Answer 33

Practical applications as it links to education

Question 34

What are weaknesses of Dweck’s mindset theory?

Answer 34

Supporting evidence came from artificial experiments- data may lack validity

Question 35

Who said factual knowledge precedes skill?

Answer 35

Willingham

Question 36

What does it mean by factual knowledge precedes skill?

Answer 36

Building on existing knowledge to problem solve

Question 37

What does it mean by practice and effort?

Answer 37

Practice until it becomes automatic

Question 38

What are strengths of Willingham’s learning theory?

Answer 38

Practical applications as can be linked to education

Question 39

What are weaknesses of Willingham’s learning theory?

Answer 39

Evidence comes from various areas of cognitive science

Question 40

What was the aim of the three mountains task?

Answer 40

Tests children’s egocentrism

Question 41

What were the participants in three mountains task?

Answer 41

- 100 children - 21 aged between 4 and 6 - 30 aged between 6 and 8 - 33 aged between 8 and 9 - 16 aged between 9 and 12

Question 42

What was the procedure of the three mountains task?

Answer 42

- used a model of 3 mountains,10 photos used and a doll - asked questions about what they could see from the dolls POV and their POV

Question 43

What were key findings in the three mountains task?

Answer 43

- 4-6 year olds could not identify view doll would see - 7-9 year olds attempted to select what the doll saw - 9-12 year olds accurately decided what the doll saw

Question 44

What are conclusions of the three mountains task?

Answer 44

Children in the pre-operational stage could not see others viewpoints (egocentric). Children in the concrete-operational stage see others viewpoints clearly

Question 45

What is a strength of the three mountains task?

Answer 45

- reliable - intended what it intended to measure

Question 46

What is a weakness of the three mountains task?

Answer 46

Many criticised the study

Question 47

What is the aim of Gunderson et al’s study?

Answer 47

- investigated the use of praise used by parents to children - looked at whether person praise and process praise had an effect in children 5 years later

Question 48

What does Gunderson’s study tells us about the participants?

Answer 48

- 53 children from Chicago (29 boys, 24 girls)

Question 49

What was the procedure of Gunderson’s study?

Answer 49

- visited the children at home and recorded how parents praise them (14,26,38 months) - children 7-8 years old given 2 questionnaires later in life

Question 50

What are key findings of Gunderson’s study?

Answer 50

- person praise less shown at 38 months compared to 14 months - boys received more process praise

Question 51

What are conclusions in Gunderson’s study?

Answer 51

Girls received more process praise

Question 52

What is a strength of Gunderson’s study?

Answer 52

- parents didn’t know the aim

Question 53

What is a weakness of Gunderson’s study?

Answer 53

- unethical as parents didn’t know the aim - parents may changed style of praise due to being observed

Question 54

What are Piaget’s theory of moral development?

Answer 54

Heteronomous 5-10 years - focus on action’s consequences Autonomous 10+ years - focus on intentions of a action

Question 55

What are Kohlberg’s stages of morality?

Answer 55

Pre-conventionality Conventional Post-conventional

Question 56

According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is pre-conventional?

Answer 56

Obeying to avoid consequences

Question 57

According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is conventional?

Answer 57

Wanting to be liked by society

Question 58

According to Kohlberg’s stages of morality, what is post-conventional?

Answer 58

Ethical behaviour is important and own moral principles were key

Question 59

What is person praise?

Answer 59

Praising the individual

Question 60

What is process praise?

Answer 60

Someone praises what is being done