Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

intro to psych (1 & 2) > Developmental psychology > Flashcards

Developmental psychology Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 2 continuities of individuals?

A
  1. temperament and personality traits
  2. attachment from infancy to adulthood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who are the most influential to child development?

A

parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is maturation in motor development and an example of it?

A

emergence of genetically programmed behaviours that are crucial for motor development

example: crawling to walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what factor can increase the rate of the developmental milestone of crawling to walking? and why?

A

postural stimulation, which arises from using slings, or methods that are more upright. it increases head control, balance, and trunk stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is tummy time important for babies?

A

promotes motor development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what theory of development states that human behaviour arises through interaction of various personality components? Who was its founder/s?

A

psychoanalytic theory and was developed by Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is cognitive development theory? Who was its founder/s?

A

states that intelligence grows as they age and there is a progressive reorganisation of their mental processes which is influenced by the environment and maturation

founders: Kohlberg, Piaget

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what theory believes that human development is the interplay between individuals experiences, actions of others, and environmental factors? Who was its founder/s?

A

social cognitive theory
founders: Bandura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is ethological theory? Who was its founder/s?

A

it focuses on how behaviour changes can enhance survival

founders: Ainsworth and Bowlby (theories of attachment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is psychosocial theory? Who was its founder/s?

A

highlights changes in self-concept, social relationships and ones role in society from infancy to old age

founders: erik erikson and joan erikson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an agent that causes birth defects or disrupts development called? When do these cause the most harm?

A

teratogens

harm: sensitive period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are examples of teratogens?

A

radiation, chemicals, alcohol, drugs, nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what period is the sensitive period?

A

the embryonic period which is 0-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do the type of experiences that babies/toddlers are exposed to affect development and why?

A

yes. this is because neurological development happens during 1-3yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is equilibration? (social cognitive theory)

A

when children begin to assimilate more than they accomodate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is assimilation?

A

fitting experiences into what is already known/existing schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is accomodation?

A

when an experience does not fit with a schema so they create a new schema to accomodate the info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are Piaget’s four stages of intellectual growth?

A
  1. sensori-motor intelligence
  2. preoperational period
  3. concrete operations
  4. formal operations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the key feature of the sensori-motor intelligence stage?

A

object permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are key features of the preoperational period?

A

conservation, symbolic representation and egocentrism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the key features of the concrete operations stage?

A

logical thinking with physical objects. so they perform mental operations. dont understand abstract concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the key features of the formal operations stage?

A

abstract reasoning and hypothetical reasoning/understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the bidirectional impact of child development?

A

the dynamic exchange between individuals and their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the difference between sex and gender?

A

sex is biological and can be determined by the environment and psych factors. gender is purely psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is a gender stereotype?
belief about behaviours and activities that are suitable for each gender
26
what i
27
what is an example of gendered practice?
activity choice: such as boys playing with guns, cars and footballs while girls play with dolls, playhouses, or things inspiring nurturing
28
what is the difference of parental perceptions of toddler boys and girls?
boys are seen as stronger, larger features and more coordination girls are seen to be weaker, finer features and have less coordination
29
what is the jack in the box experiment and what were the findings?
a baby reacted to a jack in the box and parents were either told the baby was a boy or a girl if the parents were told the baby was a boy they encouraged the baby to be independent by being less nurturing and saw its reaction as angry if the parents were told it was a girl they were more supportive and comforting. they saw the reaction as fear
30
when entering childhood what are their gender beliefs?
they have many stereotypes about sex differences, prefer same-sex playmates, and prefer gender stereotypical activities
31
what is a gender belief difference of adolescence and childhood?
in adolescence boys and girls will come together more frequently
32
what is a feature of gender belief within adolescents and what stimulates this?
they start to develop more complex identities which is brought about by biological and social pressures
33
what are the 4 gender theories?
psychoanalytic theory, biological basis, cognitive development, gender schema theory
34
what does psychoanalytic theory focus on?
identification with the same-sex parent during the phallic stage
35
what does the gender theory of biological basis focus on?
chromosomal differences, hormone and gender differences maximising reproductive success
36
what is the gender theory of cognitive development focused on?
how children's understanding of gender developed through stages
37
what are the gender theory cognitive development theory stages? who thought of this?
1. gender identity: recognising themselves as either a boy or girl 2. gender stability: understanding gender is stable over time 3. gender consistency: gender remains the same regardless of changes in activities or appearance Founder: Kohlberg
38
what is gender schema theory?
children learn about gender and cultural norms through schemas, which also guides understanding and behaviour
39
what does the gender theory social cognitive theory focus on?
looks at observational learning, modelling, imitation to acquire gender roles. children learn by observing others and the consequences of actions
40
what are the 4 components of social cognitive theory (gender theory)?
1. attention: noticing gender specific behaviours retention: remembering behaviours reproduction: reproducing behaviours motivation: being motivated to imitate the behaviour (reinforced through rewards or punishments)
41
what is triadic reciprocal determinism?
looks at how three factors interact and influence each other and its affects on behaviour
42
what are the three factors of the triadic reciprocal determinism?
1. behaviour (actions and responses of an individual) 2. personal (individual beliefs, expectation, self-perception) 3. environment (external aspects that influence behaviour)
43
what is pro-social behaviour (in moral conduct)?
"what to do". so positive social behaviour
44
what are Piagets stages of moral development? what does each stage mean?
1. morality of constraint: children judge morality based on consequences 2. morality of cooperation: children base behaviour on intentions
45
what is Kohlberg's stages of moral development? what does each stage mean?
1. pre-conventional morality: focused on satisfying personal needs, avoiding punishment and getting a reward 2. conventional morality: focused on social approval and adherence to social conventions 3. post-conventional morality: focuses on abstract principles of justice and internalised ethics
46
what is Bandura's concept or moral disengagement?
selective activation and deactivation of internal moral controls -> so knowing that actions are wrong but still choosing to engage in it but needing moral disengagement to retain positive self-image
47
what is social cognition?
process of children understanding others and their perspectives
48
and what age to children recognise themselves in a mirror?
18 months
49
what is the theory of mind and what experiment was used to demonstrate it in kids?
theory of mind: understanding others may think differently and understanding that they will guide their behaviour -> recognising that others have their own minds experiment: broccoli and goldfish experiment
50
what is a false belief? What study demonstrated this?
realisation that others can have convictions about reality that are not true. people will act in accordance with their beliefs experiment: Sally-anne task
51
what is Bowlby's theory of attachment?
looks at the innate attachment of child and caregiver as attachment is an innate system which ensures a child's safety and protection through proximity. caregivers have an innate behave to keep child safe and happy
52
what is a safe haven and secure base in attachment theory?
safe haven: the role a caregiver gives by being a place where a child can return to when upset secure base: caregiver provides foundation for the child to explore the world, so they can develop independence and autonomy
53
what are the three attachments styles and their characteristics?
secure attachment: child can flexibility go from activating attachment system to resuming exploration when comforted by caregiver insecure avoidant attachment: tendency towards exploration at expense of closeness. so will continue playing even while attachment system is activated insecure anxious-ambivalent attachment: child is preoccupied with maintaining proximity to caregiver at the expense of play and exploration. contact is not enough to calm them
54
what procedure involved mothers playing with their children and then displaying blank faces? What does this cause the baby to do?
still face procedure babies become distressed and try and get mother to engage again by using ways the mother commonly interacts with them
55
what are Baumrind's 4 parenting styles and what are they characterised by?
1. authoritative: high warmth, high control 2. authoritarian: low warmth, high control 3. permissive: high warmth, low control 4. uninvolved: low warmth, low control
56
what are Erikson's first 4 stages of psychosocial development?
1. infancy: trust versus mistrust 2. toddlerhood: autonomy versus shame and guilt 3. early childhood: initiative versus guilt 4. middle childhood: industry versus inferiority
57
what are Erikson's last 4 stages of psychosocial development?
5. adolescence: identity versus role confusion 6. young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation 7. adulthood: generativity versus stagnation 8. ageing: ego integrity versus dispair
58
what is a normative life event?
events/milestones that occur to most people in their lifetime
59
what is an off time normative event?
events that occur at an unexpected time of life
60
what is an on time normative event?
events/milestones that occur at typical or expected life points
61
what is a normative life event?
unexpected events that can have impacts on a person
62
do old people gain more crystallised intelligence or fluid intelligence?
crystallised
63
what is ageism?
stereotyping or discriminating against others because of age

intro to psych (1 & 2) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions