Perception

Question 1

how is the world perceived?

Answer 1

using our sensory organs

Question 2

what is the process of perception?

Answer 2

the transduction of sensory signals to the CNS

Question 3

what is transduction?

Answer 3

converting sensory info into neural impulses which can be processed by the NS

Question 4

what are the five senses?

Answer 4

1. olfaction
2. gustation
3. auditory
4. visual
5. tactile

Question 5

what is in charge of the sense of balance and what is the sense’s name?

Answer 5

vestibular system (inner ear) and the balance system = equilibrioception

Question 6

what is the name of the awareness of where our body and limbs are located?

Answer 6

proprioception

Question 7

what is colour after effects?

Answer 7

when the brain perceives something contrary to the info being supplied to the senses and is caused by sensory adaptation

Question 8

what is the phenomenon called where the sensation of movement is felt by the body but is only stimulated by vision?

Answer 8

vection

Question 9

what is agnosia?

Answer 9

absence of knowledge

Question 10

what is are the 5 tastes?

Answer 10

sweet, salty, bitter, umami, sour

Question 11

what are the lumps on the tongue called and what are their function?

Answer 11

papillae
they allow for us to taste

Question 12

what is the primary gustatory cortex called?

Answer 12

insular cortex

Question 13

what is unique about the olfactory system?

Answer 13

smell info is sent straight to the olfactory bulb and bypasses the thalamus

Question 14

what triggers the sense of smell?

Answer 14

receptors in the olfactory epithelium

Question 15

what is somatosensation?

Answer 15

sensory experiences that provides info about the body and its interaction with the environment. includes, touch and pain

Question 16

where are the receptors for somatosensation located?

Answer 16

muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints, skin

Question 17

what form of receptors correlate with mechanical stimulus and help with somatosensation?

Answer 17

mechanoreceptors

Question 18

what senses potentially harmful or damaging stimuli?

Answer 18

nociceptors

Question 19

do places with more touch sensitivity have larger or smaller dedicated sections within the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 19

larger

Question 20

where is the vestibular system located?

Answer 20

inner ear next to the cochlear

Question 21

why does the vestibular system help with balance?

Answer 21

because of the three semicircular canals at slightly different angles and the fluid within the canals send signals to the CNS.

Question 22

what reflex does the vestibular system drive to help keep the world stable despite head movement?

Answer 22

reflexive eye movements

Question 23

what are the six degrees of freedom and which movements does each entail

Answer 23

x axis: forwards and backwards
y-axis: left and right
z-xis: up and down

Question 24

what is pitch determined by? How is higher pitch formed?

Answer 24

the frequency of the sound wave. higher pitch = high frequency

Question 25

what is loudness determined by? how is a quieter sound formed?

Answer 25

amplitude. a quieter sound is a lower amplitude

Question 26

what components are located in the inner ear?

Answer 26

cochlear, vestibular system, ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes

Question 27

what is the name of the nerves that transport vestibular and hearing info?

Answer 27

vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve

Question 28

what happens once the sound wave enters the ear canal?

Answer 28

then causes the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to vibrate, causing the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) to vibrate and move the basilar membrane

Question 29

what are the names of the front and back end of the cochlea?

Answer 29

basal end and apical end

Question 30

what frequency causes maximal vibrations as the Basal end?

Answer 30

high

Question 31

what side of the cochlear does lower frequency cause maximal vibration at?

Answer 31

apical end

Question 32

where do the nerve impulses travel to from the cochlear?

Answer 32

vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 33

what are the mechanisms that allow for sound localisation?

Answer 33

interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural intensity differences (IIDs)

Question 34

what is the visual range?

Answer 34

the distance to an object that can be seen by unaided eyes

Question 35

what is spatial resolution?

Answer 35

smallest distance two objects can be separated and still be distinguished from another

Question 36

what is temporal resolution?

Answer 36

ability of the visual system to resolve rapid changes in light sensitivity over time or resolve fast moving objects

Question 37

what focuses light onto the retina?

Answer 37

the lens

Question 38

what converts light into electrical signals that travel along the optic nerve?

Answer 38

photoreceptors

Question 39

what are the two forms of photoreceptors?

Answer 39

rods and cones

Question 40

what are rods function?

Answer 40

they allow for us to see in low light conditions

Question 41

what is the function of cones?

Answer 41

stimulated by more light so they allow for colour vision

Question 42

what are the three types of cones?

Answer 42

red, green, blue

Question 43

what type of cone is receptive to each wavelength?

Answer 43

blue = short green = medium red = long

Question 44

where are rods and cones found?

Answer 44

retina

Question 45

what type of cells axons form the optic nerve?

Answer 45

ganglion cells

Question 46

what area of the eye contains the most cones?

Answer 46

fovea

Question 47

what is stereopsis?

Answer 47

depth perception. which is being able to see in 3D and how far away things are

Question 48

what causes the blind spot in the human eye?

Answer 48

optic nerve piercing the retina

Question 49

where does the cross over of the optic nerves occur?

Answer 49

optic chiasm

Question 50

if visual info is only taken from the right eye, what side hemisphere is it processed in?

Answer 50

left hemisphere

Question 51

which is more light sensitive rods or cones?

Answer 51

rods

Question 52

do rods or cones have more neural convergence and what does neural convergence decrease?

Answer 52

rods have more neural convergence and it causes the decrease of resolution

Question 53

what is neural convergence?

Answer 53

when the photoreceptors send signals to few ganglion cells, so many rods will send signals to the same ganglion cell

Question 54

what is an on centre receptive field?

Answer 54

certain neurons are most active when the centre of the field is exposed to light

Question 55

what is an off centre receptive field?

Answer 55

certain neurons are most active when the centre is in darkness but the surround is lit

Question 56

what happens to neurons with centre surround antagonism?

Answer 56

they are most excited when their central regions is stimulated. stimulation in the surrounding areas which reduce activity

Question 57

what is the LGN and where is it located? what is its purpose?

Answer 57

lateral geniculate nucleus and is found in the thalamus. serves as a relay station of visual info

Question 58

what is the name for the primary visual cortex and where is it located?

Answer 58

V1 in the occipital lobe

Question 59

what is sensory adaptation?

Answer 59

when the first detection of stimulus is the greatest and then decreases after repeated exposure

Question 60

what is weber's law?

Answer 60

the greater the stimulus, the bigger the change needs to be for a change in stimulus intensity to be noticed

Question 61

what does having a large amount of photoreceptors increase?

Answer 61

visual acuity (to see in fine detail)

Question 62

what is opponent process theory?

Answer 62

we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent cells/colours

Question 63

what is visual agnosia?

Answer 63

deficit in perceiving objects

Question 64

what is the technical term for the ear drum?

Answer 64

tympanic membrane

Question 65

do small or large nerve fibres react to pain and then send pain information to the brain?

Answer 65

small nerve fibres

Question 66

what is parallel processing?

Answer 66

attending to many sense modalities simultaneously

Question 67

what is perceptual constancy?

Answer 67

perceiving stimuli concisely across varied conditions

Question 68

what are the two kinds of cues used to gauge depth?

Answer 68

monocular depth cues, motion parallax

Question 69

what is the motion parallax?

Answer 69

ability to judge the distance of moving objects from their speed

Question 70

what is the name of moving reflexively focusing on objects and using our eye muscles to turn the eyes inwards

Answer 70

convergence